Bacteriophages: cancer diagnosis, treatment, and future prospects
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Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation https://doi.org/10.1007/s40005-020-00503-x
REVIEW
Bacteriophages: cancer diagnosis, treatment, and future prospects Faezeh Abbaszadeh1,2,3 · Hamed Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo1,3 · Farbod Alinezhad1,4,6 · Hadi Feizi4,5 · Ahmad Mobed4,5 · Shabnam Baghbanijavid1,2 · Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi1,2,6 Received: 6 December 2019 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 © The Korean Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology 2020
Abstract Background Early diagnosis is one of the most important factors in cancer treatment. Unfortunately, despite remarkable advances in the diagnosis and treatment methods of cancers in recent years, these methods are far from being perfect and have significant limitations and disadvantages. High costs and unwanted damage to healthy cells are some of the most important challenges. Area covered With the advent of novel technologies, potentially advantageous methods are being studied actively. The use of bacteriophages is one of the modern methods for cancer diagnosis and treatment. In the present article, we will discuss the potential advantages and limitations regarding the use of bacteriophages in the diagnosis and treatment of malignancies. Expert opinion The use of bacteriophages is one of the more recent methods for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Due to the non-pathogenic nature of bacteriophages, their genetic engineering capability makes them a great option for therapeutic purposes. The exact potential of phages to be used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, will be determined with further research in the future. Keywords Bacteriophages · Cancer diagnosis · Cancer immunotherapy · Phage therapy
Introduction Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that infect bacteria. Twort and d’Herelle (Taylor 2014; Sharma et al. 2017) discovered bacteriophages independently in 1915. Twort seemed to favor the idea that it was not a separate form of life, but an enzyme that is secreted by bacteria. He abandoned phage research and devoted the rest of his scientific * Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
2
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
3
Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
4
Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
5
Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
6
Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
life to the cultivation of animal viruses. However, d’Herelle coined the term bacteriophage for the first time and devoted his life to bacteriophages and their therapeutic use in humans and animals. Bacteriophages can have a lytic cycle, that causes the lysis of infected bacteria, or a lysogenic cycle, that does not lead to bacterial lysis (Nobrega et al. 201
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