Bacteriostatic and bactericidal clays: an overview
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REVIEW PAPER
Bacteriostatic and bactericidal clays: an overview Celso Figueiredo Gomes . Jorge Hamilton Gomes . Eduardo Ferreira da Silva
Received: 2 July 2019 / Accepted: 16 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract This article aims to draw an overview on the actual knowledge on bacteriostatic and bactericidal natural clays. Particular emphasis is given to the role of clay itself, the action of reduced metals located either in the structure of clay minerals or external to them as constituents of associate minerals, and the definition of the mechanisms of action based on the achievements found in all available studies being carried out so far. The term bactericidal is herein used when a clay or a clay mineral kill the bacteria, whereas the term bacteriostatic is used when those minerals stop bacteria growth and replication. The second part of this article deals with experimental studies on bactericidal natural clay, experience and perspective for the preparation of bactericidal natural clays, interesting on the authors perspective and experience for the preparation of pathogens safe both therapeutic and cosmetic natural mud/natural peloid, and better yet of both therapeutic 87oooand cosmetic peloid itself and designed and engineered peloid. The authors also show how to convert non-antimicrobial clay into antimicrobial one, opening the way in the field of C. F. Gomes J. H. Gomes E. F. da Silva (&) GeoBioTec, Research Unit of FCT (Foundation for Science and Technology), University of Aveiro, 3800-193 Aveiro, Portugal e-mail: [email protected] E. F. da Silva Geosciences Department, University of Aveiro, 3800-193 Aveiro, Portugal
pelotherapy to the preparation of sanitary safe peloids addressed, for instance, to the treatment of rheumatic disabilities, as well as to the preparation of antimicrobial peloids and, in particular, of dermatological ointments, all able to fight infectious skin disorders. Keywords Clay Bacteriostatic Bactericidal Action mechanisms Antimicrobial peloids Ointments
Introduction Since the beginning of the present century, experience has shown that some types of clay can exhibit either bacteriostatic or bactericidal activity. Such action had rise high expectations when both public health and science are becoming more and more apprehensive and engaged relatively to the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, which are traditionally organic molecules, such as tetracycline and minocycline, which can inhibit the replication of bacteria DNA, of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Clay is one of the oldest natural earth materials used by man for healing purposes in traditional medicine. Clays continues to be applied in modern life for the treatment of various topical and internal ailments (Carretero 2002; Carretero et al. 2006, 2013; Carretero and Pozo 2007; Veniale et al. 2007; Gomes and Silva
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Environ Geochem Health
2007; Ferrell 2008; Rautureau et al. 2010, 2017; Young 2011; Gomes et al. 2013; Williams and
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