Basic Steps in Geostatistics: The Variogram and Kriging
This brief will provide a bridge in succinct form between the geostatistics textbooks and the computer manuals for `push-button' practice. It is becoming increasingly important for practitioners, especially neophytes, to understand what underlies mo
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Margaret A. Oliver Richard Webster
Basic Steps in Geostatistics: The Variogram and Kriging 123
SpringerBriefs in Agriculture
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10183
Margaret A. Oliver Richard Webster •
Basic Steps in Geostatistics: The Variogram and Kriging
123
Richard Webster Rothamsted Research Harpenden UK
Margaret A. Oliver Soil Research Centre University of Reading Reading UK
ISSN 2211-808X SpringerBriefs in Agriculture ISBN 978-3-319-15864-8 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-15865-5
ISSN 2211-8098 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-319-15865-5
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015932443 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Author(s) 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
This Brief takes readers, in particular environmental scientists, through the important steps of a geostatistical analysis. Most properties of the environment, such as rainfall, plant nutrients in the soil and pollutants in the air, are measured effectively at points between which there are large gaps. The environment is continuous, however, and environmental scientists and their clients typically want to know the values of those properties between the points, in the gaps; they want to predict in a spatial sense from their data, taking into account the locations of their observations. Geostatistics comprises a set of tools that enable them to do that optimally by methods established for properties that appear to vary randomly in one, two or three dimensions. The variogram is the central tool of geostatistics. It enables scientists to assess whether their data are spatially correlated and to what extent. With a suitable model for it they can combine it with their data to predict by kriging, which in its simpler forms is one of weighted averaging. Kriging is an optimal method of predict
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