Be aware, make it clear, and take the Lead: emotion regulation difficulties and emotional intelligence as moderators of
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Be aware, make it clear, and take the Lead: emotion regulation difficulties and emotional intelligence as moderators of cognitive reappraisal Barbara Bodrogi 1 & Tamas Bereczkei 1 & Anita Deak 1 Accepted: 11 November 2020 # The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Two research traditions explain the way we deal with emotional situations: emotional intelligence (EI) and emotion regulation (ER). EI refers to the individual differences in the knowledge, identification, and regulation of emotions. ER describes processes in which emotions are experienced, expressed, and altered. Our study examined the EI-ER link and their moderating role on affective responses. We used self-report questionnaires and a cognitive reappraisal (CR) task, in which subjective affective responses were registered. We found that higher levels of ER difficulties correlated with lower EI. Gender had an overall impact on affective changes, indicating a more unpleasant and more arousing affective state for women compared with men. Regarding the moderating role of EI and ER difficulties, the ability to utilize emotions (Utilization) decreased the valence into a more unpleasant direction, similar to the effect of the inability to identify and differentiate emotions (Clarity). A weak control over emotions (Impulse), however, increased the valence into a more pleasant direction. The lack of attention to emotional signals (Awareness) marginally decreased the initial intensity (i.e., lower level of arousal). We demonstrated that EI and ER have distinctive routes and a different influence on the affective outcome defined by valence and arousal ratings: (1) EI has an impact through the utilization of emotions mainly on the valence dimension; and (2) individual differences in ER have a moderating effect on both valence and arousal dimensions. This study provided evidence on how individual differences contribute to a successful ER process when using a CR strategy. Keywords Emotional intelligence . Emotion regulation . Valence . Arousal . IAPS
Although great scientific interest has been directed toward the cognition-emotion interaction, little is known about the overlap between emotion regulation (ER) skills and other constructs containing an emotion regulatory and/or managing component such as emotional intelligence (EI). In this paper, we uniquely combine the tradition of ER (Gross, 1998, 2015) and the tradition of the individual differences in identifying, understanding, expressing, and regulating emotions through the concept of EI. EI has been a controversial psychological construct and questions have arisen relating to its concept and future. Antonakis and colleagues (Antonakis, Ashkanasy, & Dasborough, 2009; Antonakis & Dietz, 2010) drew attention to the significance of empirical support and consensus in * Anita Deak [email protected] 1
Institute of Psychology, University of Pecs, Ifjusag Str. 6., Pecs H-7624, Hungary
measurements of EI. They identified many problems with ability and especially trait EI tests and suggested that more precise and specific definitio
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