Bemotrizinol-Loaded Carnauba Wax-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Sunscreen: Optimization, Characterization, and
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Research Article Bemotrizinol-Loaded Carnauba Wax-Based Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Sunscreen: Optimization, Characterization, and In vitro Evaluation Thayse S. Medeiros,1,2 Lívia M. C. C. Moreira,2 Tiago M. T. Oliveira,2 Demis F. Melo,1,2 Eduardo P. Azevedo,3 Amanda E. G. Gadelha,4 Marcus V. L. Fook,4 João A. Oshiro-Júnior,1,5 and Bolívar P. G. L. Damasceno1,2,5
Received 11 February 2020; accepted 15 September 2020 Abstract.
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) are aqueous dispersions of nanoparticles formed by solid and liquid lipids. In this study, NLC containing an organic UV filter, bemotrizinol, were developed for sunscreen formulation using carnauba wax and caprylic/ capric triglycerides through ultrasonication technique. A Box-Behnken design was used to evaluate the influence of three variables on the particle size with the purpose of choosing the best system for further characterization. The particle size decreased as the surfactant concentration increased, reaching an average size of 122.4 ± 0.3 nm at 30 days of storage. Scanning electron microscopy showed intact and spherical particles. Thermal analysis and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy suggest that bemotrizinol was incorporated into the NLC. The X-ray diffraction showed a reduction in the crystallinity of the NLC. In vitro analysis indicated an improvement in the photoprotective activity of bemotrizinol when incorporated into NLC. These findings suggest a promising, stable, and biocompatible system. KEY WORDS: lipid nanoparticles; nanotechnology; nanostructured lipid carriers; UV filters; photoprotection; sunscreens; Box-Behnken design.
INTRODUCTION The sun, a great source of natural energy, is essential for human health as it is involved in several chemical, biochemical, and metabolic processes such as vitamin D photosynthesis. However, such activities depend on the intensity of exposure to the ultraviolet (UV) radiation (1,2). UV radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is subdivided into three subtypes of radiation: UVA (320 to 400 nm), UVB (280 to 320 nm), and UVC (100 to Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-020-01821-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 1
Graduation Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Departament of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Av. Juvêncio Arruda, s/n, Bairro Universitário, Campina Grande, PB 58429-600, Brazil. 2 Laboratory of Development and Characterization of Pharmaceutical Products, Department of Pharmacy, State University of Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. 3 Graduate Program of Biotechnology, Laureate International Universities - Potiguar University, Natal, RN, Brazil. 4 Laboratory of Biomaterials Evaluation and Development of the Northeast, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. 5 To whom correspondence should be addressed. (e–mail: [email protected]; [email protected])
280 nm). UVC
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