Between Informality and Organized Crime: Criminalization of Small-Scale Mining in the Peruvian Rainforest
Mining, like other types of resource extraction, is often carried out by a number of actors ranging from licit to illicit. Laws governing resource extraction have to balance the interests of the local economy, the environment, and law enforcement. In Peru
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Illegal Mining
Yuliya Zabyelina · Daan van Uhm Editors
Illegal Mining Organized Crime, Corruption, and Ecocide in a Resource-Scarce World
Editors Yuliya Zabyelina Department of Political Science John Jay College of Criminal Justice City University of New York (CUNY) New York, NY, USA
Daan van Uhm Willem Pompe Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology Utrecht University Utrecht, The Netherlands
ISBN 978-3-030-46326-7 ISBN 978-3-030-46327-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46327-4
(eBook)
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover credit: Rodrigo Abd This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Foreword1
As our world becomes increasingly interconnected, organized criminal groups adapt to new circumstances, take advantage of new markets, and establish new collaborations to garner illicit profits. They span the globe, master new technologies, and conquer new markets. The case of South Africa-based “Mountain Boys” is illustrative of this alarming complexity. This criminal organization used to smuggle vast amounts of precious metals, mainly platinum, which had been stolen from South African mines. To succeed in their operations, the syndicate bribed mine employees and members of the South African Police Service. A sophisticated network of middlemen guaranteed the unimpeded exportation of South African precious metals to refineries in Western Europe and North America. Misrepresentations were made to customs officials by undervaluing and falsifying the nature of consignments, circumventing the requirements for prescribed permits and licenses to possess, transport, and deal in p
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