Between the hammerstone and the anvil: bipolar knapping and other percussive activities in the late Mousterian and the U
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(2020) 12:271
ORIGINAL PAPER
Between the hammerstone and the anvil: bipolar knapping and other percussive activities in the late Mousterian and the Uluzzian of Grotta di Castelcivita (Italy) Simona Arrighi 1,2,3 & Giulia Marciani 1,2 & Matteo Rossini 2,4 & Marcos César Pereira Santos 5 & Andrea Fiorini 1 & Ivan Martini 2 & Daniele Aureli 2,6 & Federica Badino 1,7 & Eugenio Bortolini 1 & Carla Figus 1 & Federico Lugli 1,8 & Gregorio Oxilia 1 & Matteo Romandini 1,4 & Sara Silvestrini 1 & Annamaria Ronchitelli 2 & Adriana Moroni 2,3 & Stefano Benazzi 1,9 Received: 8 June 2020 / Accepted: 2 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Hammerstones and anvils are among the oldest tools used by hominins to perform a variety of tasks including knapping activities. The bipolar technique on anvil is well documented in Prehistory since the Lower Palaeolithic and is usually considered to be an expedient technique in comparison to other knapping systems. This technique plays a pivotal role in the Uluzzian technocomplex lithic production where it is largely used. In the present study, we analyse the anvils and hammerstones recovered in the Mousterian and Uluzzian layers of the site of Castelcivita (Campania region-southern Italy) by a multi-disciplinary approach. Our aim is to investigate the function and functioning of anvils and hammerstones by evaluating the presence and the role of bipolar knapping in these two assemblages. To do this, we integrated techno-functional analysis (sensu Boëda) and use-wear study, by defining each techno-functional unit (transformative and prehensile unities) of anvils and hammerstones and identifying the specific use-wear left by the bipolar technique by means of a dedicated experimental programme. The obtained results allowed us to observe different technical behaviours, concerning both the production and the use of hammerstones and anvils, between Mousterian and Uluzzian. Differences were encountered in the selection of raw material (limestone in the Uluzzian, sandstone in the Mousterian) and in the technical way of approaching the tool as well as in the function: the Mousterian anvil was used ‘as is’ for crushing materials, unlike the Uluzzian anvils which were exclusively employed for bipolar knapping, after * Simona Arrighi [email protected]
Carla Figus [email protected]
Giulia Marciani [email protected]
Federico Lugli [email protected]
Matteo Rossini [email protected]
Gregorio Oxilia [email protected]
Marcos César Pereira Santos [email protected]
Matteo Romandini [email protected]
Andrea Fiorini [email protected]
Sara Silvestrini [email protected]
Ivan Martini [email protected]
Annamaria Ronchitelli [email protected]
Daniele Aureli [email protected] Federica Badino [email protected] Eugenio Bortolini [email protected]
Adriana Moroni [email protected] Stefano Benazzi [email protected] Extended author in
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