Bioavailability of Tannins and Other Oligomeric Polyphenols: a Still to Be Studied Phenomenon
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REDOX MODULATORS (C JACOB, SECTION EDITOR)
Bioavailability of Tannins and Other Oligomeric Polyphenols: a Still to Be Studied Phenomenon Naira Sahakyan 1 & Agnieszka Bartoszek 2 & Claus Jacob 3 & Margarit Petrosyan 1 & Armen Trchounian 1
# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Polyphenols are a group of plant secondary metabolites characterized with the presence of multiples of phenol structural units. Tannins are plant-originated phenolic substances, which play an important role in plant defense system as well as have found applications in medicine, industry, and other fields of human activity. Despite these, the mechanisms of bioavailability of these substances are poorly studied and even there are very few amounts of sources gathering recent studies concerning this issue. So the main purpose of this review is to focus on the known peculiarities and possible ways of the bioavailability of these oligomeric substances. Recent Findings Due to the ability of tannins to bind proteins and other macromolecules, they are responsible for astringency or bitterness of red wines and also for the anti-nutritional effects, which can be reduced by the action of tannase. In nutriceutical industry, tannins are used as natural preservers and antioxidants. They have also a wide range of medicinal application as antihemorrhagic and hemostatic, anti-malarial and antitumor, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase, anthelmintic, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities among others. It is suggested that absorption of tannins is correlated with their polymerization degree and the activity of these components depends on their absorption in the gut, metabolism and, therefore, the bioavailability. Summary Despite numerous promising applications, there are still plenty of open spaces to fully understand determinants of the bioavailability of tannins and other oligomeric polyphenols pivotal for the expression of their biological activity. Keywords Ellagitannins . Ellagic acid . Antioxidant . Biological activity . Poliphenols . Urolithin
Introduction Plants are the source of a wide range of biologically active secondary metabolites among which polyphenols play a crucial role due to their promising medicinal properties. Tannins are polyphenolic compounds which are involved mainly in plant defense processes protecting them against pests, This article is part of the Topical Collection on Redox Modulators * Naira Sahakyan [email protected] 1
Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Biotechnology, Biology Faculty, Yerevan State University, 1 A. Manoogian Str., 0025 Yerevan, Armenia
2
Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
3
Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus B2 1, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Saarland, Germany
opportunists, and different abiotic stressors, such as drought, heat, and UV radiation [1]. According to Horvath, tannins are defined as an
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