Biobased Products and Life Cycle Assessment in the Context of Circular Economy and Sustainability
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Biobased Products and Life Cycle Assessment in the Context of Circular Economy and Sustainability Shikha Dahiya 1,2 & Ranaprathap Katakojwala 1,2 & Seeram Ramakrishna 3 & S. Venkata Mohan 1,2 Received: 30 June 2020 / Revised: 9 August 2020 / Accepted: 11 August 2020 # Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
Abstract Biobased products (biobased materials, bioenergy/biofuels, and biobased chemicals) are the futuristic replacement of fossil-based chemicals and considerably the best way of transiting towards a low-carbon economy (LCE) and which also can simultaneously mitigate the global challenges associated with the depletion of abiotic resources and climate change. Endurance with the biobased products is leading to the development of a biobased economy (BBE). Assessment of environmental sustainability achieved by the production of biobased products is important to understand their decarbonization potential, and all associated impacts with their life cycle and can be measured with life cycle assessment (LCA) tool. Life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) combines LCA with life cycle costing (LCC) and social life cycle assessment (sLCA). The framework of this paper is thus designed to provide an insight into biobased products with an overview of LCA as critical tools to measure sustainability. LCA methodology and its importance in determining sustainability for biobased products with associated limitations and probable solutions are also discussed. Circular economy (CE) integrating cradle-to-cradle (C2C) approach is also discussed as a promising endeavor to achieve LCE. Keywords ISO Standard 14040 . ISO/TC 323 . Sustainable development goals (SDG) . Bioeconomy . Biorefinery . Low-carbon products . Industrial ecology
Introduction Biobased products are defined as “the products that are derived from plants and other renewable agricultural, marine, and forestry materials and provide an alternative to conventional petroleum-derived products” (USDA 2020). Biobased products are either complete or partial derivatives of biological origin (excluding the fossils), and can be broadly classified into three: (a) biobased materials, (b) bioenergy/biofuels, and Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-020-00007-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * S. Venkata Mohan [email protected]; [email protected] 1
Bioengineering and Environmental Science Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India
2
Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT) Campus, Hyderabad 500 007, India
3
National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119077, Singapore
(c) biochemicals (Table 1). The basic feedstocks for the production of these products is either the biomass (lignin-cellulosic), biogenic waste, or gaseous emissions (CO2, CO, CH4, etc.), and utilizing the
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