Biodiesel: An Alternate Fuel from Waste Cooking Groundnut Oil Using Supported Heteropolyacids for Green Earth
Growing demand for fuel in the industrialized and urbanized era coupled with the skyrocketing oil prices and growing concern over the adverse impacts on climate necessitate use of eco-friendly energy sources and recycling of wastes. This chapter presents
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Biodiesel: An Alternate Fuel from Waste Cooking Groundnut Oil Using Supported Heteropolyacids for Green Earth A. Anitha
Abstract Growing demand for fuel in the industrialized and urbanized era coupled with the skyrocketing oil prices and growing concern over the adverse impacts on climate necessitate use of eco-friendly energy sources and recycling of wastes. This chapter presents the results obtained from experiments on conversion of waste cooking oil into bio-diesel. The results indicate that Heteropolyacids in particular TPA, CsTPA and Supported CsTPA on SBA 15 can be promising candidates for biodiesel production. CsTPA loaded internally on SBA15 gave higher yield of 88.3 % at a temperature of 60 C for a reaction time of 1.4 h with 6.9:1 methanol:oil molar ratio. CsTPA/SBA 15 loaded internally had a long catalytic lifetime and could maintain sustained activity even after 6 reaction cycles. The catalytic system showed very high activity under the optimized reaction conditions when compared to conventional catalysts NaOH and KOH. The fuel properties of biodiesel obtained were found to be in agreement with ASTM standards.
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Introduction
Bio-diesel or biofuel is the name for a variety of ester-based fuels (Srivastava and Prasad 2000). These fatty esters are generally defined as the monoalkyl esters made from vegetable oils, used vegetable oils or sometimes from animal fats through a simple transesterification (Dehkhoda et al. 2010) process. This source is as efficient as diesel in powering unmodified diesel engines. The most common way to produce biodiesel is by transesterification, which refers to a catalysed chemical reaction involving vegetable oil and an alcohol to yield fatty acid alkyl esters
A. Anitha (*) Department of Chemical Engineering, Hindustan University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India e-mail: [email protected] Mu. Ramkumar (ed.), On a Sustainable Future of the Earth’s Natural Resources, Springer Earth System Sciences, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-32917-3_28, # Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
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(i.e. biodiesel) and glycerol. Methanol is the most commonly used alcohol because of its low cost. In general, excess of methanol is used to shift the equilibrium far to the right. Keggin type heteropolyacids (HPAs) have been widely used as homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts, because they possess qualities such as good thermal stability, high acidity and high oxidizing ability (Zieba et al. 2010; Shu et al. 2009; Schuchardt et al. 1998; Makoto et al. 2000; Can et al. 2005; Meher et al. 2006). Heteropolyacids have been identified as versatile green catalysts for a variety of reactions, including, but not limited to the alkylation and acylation of aromatics, esterification, and liquid bi-phase processes (Han et al. 2009; Yadav et al. 2006). There is an interest to substitute liquid catalysts which are corrosive, toxic and difficult to separate from reaction solution by more environmentally friendly solid acids. Among many possible forms of heteropolyacids used as catalysts, there ar
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