Biofortification and bioavailability of Zn, Fe and Se in wheat: present status and future prospects
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REVIEW
Biofortification and bioavailability of Zn, Fe and Se in wheat: present status and future prospects P. K. Gupta1 · H. S. Balyan1 · Shailendra Sharma1 · Rahul Kumar1 Received: 1 July 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Key message Knowledge of genetic variation, genetics, physiology/molecular basis and breeding (including biotechnological approaches) for biofortification and bioavailability for Zn, Fe and Se will help in developing nutritionally improved wheat. Abstract Biofortification of wheat cultivars for micronutrients is a priority research area for wheat geneticists and breeders. It is known that during breeding of wheat cultivars for productivity and quality, a loss of grain micronutrient contents occurred, leading to decline in nutritional quality of wheat grain. Keeping this in view, major efforts have been made during the last two decades for achieving biofortification and bioavailability of wheat grain for micronutrients including Zn, Fe and Se. The studies conducted so far included evaluation of gene pools for contents of not only grain micronutrients as above, but also for phytic acid (PA) or phytate and phytase, so that, while breeding for the micronutrients, bioavailability is also improved. For this purpose, QTL interval mapping and GWAS were carried out to identify QTLs/genes and associated markers that were subsequently used for marker-assisted selection (MAS) during breeding for biofortification. Studies have also been conducted to understand the physiology and molecular basis of biofortification, which also allowed identification of genes for uptake, transport and storage of micronutrients. Transgenics using transgenes have also been produced. The breeding efforts led to the development of at least a dozen cultivars with improved contents of grain micronutrients, although land area occupied by these biofortified cultivars is still marginal. In this review, the available information on different aspects of biofortification and bioavailability of micronutrients including Zn, Fe and Se in wheat has been reviewed for the benefit of those, who plan to start work or already conducting research in this area. Keywords Nutritional quality · Micronutrients (Zn, Fe, Se) · Biofortification/bioavailability · QTLs/genes · Breeding · MAS · Transgenics · Wheat
Introduction Wheat is one of the most widely grown crops globally and provides ~ 20% of calories and ~ 40% of protein worldwide; in developing countries, wheat also provides 60% of daily energy intake (Wang et al. 2011). The crop has witnessed a significant progress in the improvement of productivity and production during the last 50 years. This increase in production is generally attributed to two green revolutions: the first Communicated by Rajeev K. Varshney. * P. K. Gupta [email protected] 1
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, U.P 250004, India
during 1960s and the second during 1980s (Evenson and Gollin 2003; Ping
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