Biogeogens and Human Health

Health of the people is the most important indicator of the development of a nation. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (as defined by WHO). The state of health of an ind

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Niraj Kumar

Biogeogens and Human Health

SpringerBriefs in Public Health

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10138

Niraj Kumar

Biogeogens and Human Health

123

Niraj Kumar Science and Society Division Institute of Applied Sciences (IASc) Allahabad Uttar Pradesh India

ISSN 2192-3698 ISBN 978-81-322-1083-2 DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-1084-9

ISSN 2192-3701 (electronic) ISBN 978-81-322-1084-9 (eBook)

Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013938753 Ó The Author(s) 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Foreword

The sustenance and renewal of life in an ecosystem depends mainly on two factors, energy cycling and nutrient flow. Nitrogen cycle and nitrogen fixation are perhaps the best examples of nutrient cycling. Nutrient cycling involves elements moving to/from biotic and abiotic factors in the ecosystem. Energy movement through food chain in biotic factors is an important example of energy flow. Energy is either transformed or conserved. Plants and some other organisms convert solar energy to chemical energy via photosynthesis which occurs in two parts: light-dependent reactions and dark reactions. The light-dependent reaction happens when solar energy is captured to make adenos