Bioinspired approach of the composite materials: towards the active health monitoring concept
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Bioinspired approach of the composite materials: towards the active health monitoring concept P. F. Gobin, M. Salvia1, T. Monnier, N. Godin, P. Guy and Y. Jayet GEMPPM, UMR-CNRS 5510, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne cedex, FRANCE 1 IFOS, UMR-CNRS 5621, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69131 Ecully, FRANCE ABSTRACT The classical NDE techniques of periodical maintenance are just now evolving towards the continuous health monitoring of materials and structures. Taking account of the relation of this approach with the bioinspired notion of smart materials, it seems useful to extend this passive concept to a more active one, especially in the case of materials systems as composite materials. Effectively, if sensors and actuators are embedded in a composite structure before curing in order to monitor and improve the processing parameters, they are able, remaining in the structure, to assume the health monitoring and some optimization of the usage in the next stages of the life. Moreover, in slightly damaged systems, it becomes reasonable to use the results collected by the sensors for improvements of safety of materials and structures. Finally in the last stage of the life, when the material is deeply damaged, it is sometimes possible to slow down, and more rarely, to heal the damage.
INTRODUCTION The classical methods for periodical maintenance relying on many NDE techniques require a large human involvement and expensive procedures. Moreover this type of inspection cannot give any information concerning possible breaks or failures occurring between two successive overhauls But in order to overcome these shortcomings and limitations, the "smart materials" concept appears as a promising alternative. This concept has been at first proposed in a really "bioinspired" frame in which a material would possess, as a living system, "nerves" simulated by a network of sensors, "muscles" or active parts and a "brain" in order to coordinate the whole. This ambitious concept leads naturally to the multifunctionality for the structural materials and to the most difficult of the challenges : the self-healing behavior! So, the "smartness" or "intelligence" can be defined at three levels, each of them defining a field of research, technology development and potential applications : • a material or a material-system is said to be "sensitive" when it behaves as a sensor or when it includes sensors providing information concerning the material itself or its environment. For instance the control of large and complex technological structures is a topic of rapidly growing interest. Employment of such "sensitive materials" offers opportunities for the realization of "a global approach of the health monitoring" with systems able to operate on-line during the whole life, processing and usage, of the materials or structures.
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• a material will be "adaptable" if it behaves itself as an actuator or if integrated actuators (or "active" materials) can modify its characteristics. Such a material or materi
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