Biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: a short review
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SHORT REVIEW
Biomarkers for traumatic brain injury: a short review Marcela Usberti Gutierre 1 & João Paulo Mota Telles 1 & Leonardo Christiaan Welling 2 & Nícollas Nunes Rabelo 1 & Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira 1 & Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo 1,3 Received: 24 August 2020 / Revised: 4 October 2020 / Accepted: 13 October 2020 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Cellular response to TBI is a mixture of excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and cell death. Biomarkers that can track these lesions and inflammatory processes are being explored for their potential to provide objective measures in the evaluation of TBI, from prehospital care to rehabilitation. By understanding the pathways involved, we could be able to improve diagnostic accuracy, guide management, and prevent long-term disability. We listed some of the recent advances in this translational, intriguing, fastgrowing field. Although the knowledge gaps are still significant, some markers are showing promising results and could be helping patients in the near future. Keywords Biomarkers . Inflammation . Prognosis . Traumatic brain injury
Introduction American statistics report 2.8 million medical emergency assessments for traumatic brain injuries (TBI) annually. In middle- and low-income countries, the incidence of TBI is even higher, corresponding to the leading cause of death and disability in young adults. Even mild trauma (mTBI), which accounts for 80 to 90% of all injuries, can be responsible for long-term damage. [16, 28] Cellular response to TBI is a mixture of excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and cell death. Biomarkers that can track these lesions and inflammatory processes are being explored for their potential to provide objective measures in the evaluation of TBI, from prehospital care to rehabilitation. By understanding the pathways involved, we could be able to improve diagnostic accuracy, guide management, and prevent
long-term disability. [31] We propose a short review of recent advances on biomarkers for TBI, translating from a physiological point of view to their potential usefulness.
Materials and Methods We searched PubMed and Google Scholar, using the terms “traumatic brain injury” and “biomarkers.” Additional studies were sought through snowballing. Priority was given to studies in humans and recent publications (last 5 years). Only English language papers were accepted. Articles were analyzed by title and abstract for inclusion in this review.
Results * Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo [email protected] João Paulo Mota Telles [email protected] 1
Division of Neurosurgery, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
2
Department of Neurological Surgery, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
3
Rua Eneas Aguiar, 255, 05403-010 São Paulo, Brazil
Filtering by the last 5 years, we found 1406 articles in PubMed and 347 in Google Scholar. Among them, a pre-selection screened articles by their titles, considering those that were more appropriate to this review. We analyzed their references, iden
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