Biomass Energy Sources and Conversion Technologies for Production of Biofuels
Food, fuel, fodder, fertilizer, and fiber are the most essential requirements for the sustenance of life. The global population of ~7.5 billion and its explosion is asserting pressures on natural capital, especially biotic and abiotic resources. The finit
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Why Energy from Biomass? 3 Energy from Biomass 3.1 Terrestrial 3.2 Aquatic 3.3 Petrocrops 3.4 Resiniferous Plants 3.5 Energy Crops 3.6 Non-agricultural Plant Resources 4 Biomass Conversion Technologies 4.1 Pyrolysis 4.2 Biological Hydrogen 4.3 Gasification of Biomass for Power Generation 4.4 Lignocellulosic Conversion 4.5 Nanotechnology for Biomass Energy 5 Biotechnology for Biomass Energy 6 Biomass Energy-Related Environmental Issues 6.1 Monoculture 6.2 Allelopathy 6.3 Disposal of Effluents 6.4 Short-Rotation Intensive Culture 6.5 Energy Plantations as Sink for Carbon Dioxide 6.6 Use of Contaminated Substrates for Energy Crops 7 Conclusions References
Abstract Food, fuel, fodder, fertilizer, and fiber are the most essential requirements for the sustenance of life. The global population of ~7.5 billion and its explosion is asserting pressures on natural capital, especially biotic and abiotic resources. The finite sources of fossil fuel reserves, as well as the environmental impact related to M. N. V. Prasad (*) School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India e-mail: [email protected] Pankaj Pathak and Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava (eds.), Alternative Energy Resources: The Way to a Sustainable Modern Society, Hdb Env Chem, DOI 10.1007/698_2020_613, © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
M. N. V. Prasad
their increased consumption, are the implication for climate change. Therefore, governments and scientists are concentrating to develop “energy bioscience” for sustainability. Biomass conversion technologies for biofuels have long been proven at an industrial scale, and the alcohol has been able to compete with conventional gasoline. Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters) and bioethanol have emerged as renewable and non-conventional energy sources in many countries. Non-conventional liquid fuels such as biodiesel and liquid biofuels have numerous advantages in the era of climate change. In Europe, the main feedstock for biodiesel production is different from “energy crops” such as sunflower and rapeseed. Production of “biofuels” appears to be sound in theory, but in practice, several bottlenecks are to be resolved in an ecologically sound manner from the crux of this chapter. Keywords Alternative energy, Bioenergy, Biofuels, Conversion technology
1 Introduction The United Nations General Assembly has set the target to achieve access to affordable and clean energy to all under the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the year 2015 [1]. Since then the shift to alternatives has taken full pace by tapping every means of renewables and alternative energy resources. Biomass and its conversion products are analogous to fossil fuels and also serve as feedstock for various industries. Biomass being renewable, such a strategy would minimize the use of nonrenewable energy. Biomass contributes to about 14% of the world’s energy needs. Prominent examples of biomass-derived energy sources are (a) forest waste, (b) agriculture waste, (c) industrial waste, (d) municipal solid
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