Biomaterials obtained by photopolymerization: from UV to two photon
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REVIEW
Biomaterials obtained by photopolymerization: from UV to two photon Cristian Felipe-Mendes 1,2
&
Leire Ruiz-Rubio 1,2
&
José Luis Vilas-Vilela 1,2
Received: 30 March 2020 / Accepted: 2 July 2020 # Qatar University and Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
Abstract Photopolymerizable materials are commonly used in the industry for a long time, being extended their use in adhesives, coatings, paint and printing ink industries, composite materials, or even in the food industry. Their use in biomedical industry was until recently quite limited to acrylic derivatives used for dental restauration. However, the increase of the biocompatible monomers and initiators added to the widespread use of the 3D printing or the evolution of the two-photon photopolymerization has renew the interest on this methodology for the fabrication of biomaterials. In this review, the main photopolymerization processes from the conventional methods to more demanding methods such as two-photon polymerization are summarized, and the main applications of biomaterials obtained from photopolymerization have been reviewed. Keywords Biomaterials . UV curing . Two-photon polymerization . Hydrogels . Tissue engineering . Drug delivery
1 Introduction The use of photopolymerization processes to fabricate biomaterials has been widespread in the last years due to its potential and versatility [1–3]. Mainly, photopolymerization is commonly used in industry for the production of decorative or protecting coatings, ultrafast drying of varnishes, inks, and photolithography for circuits. In this traditional industry, the biomaterials were usually limited to adhesives and bone cements for dental restorations [4]. This type of industrial photopolymerization is normally solvent-free. Indeed, the absence of solvent represents environmental and economic benefits for the industry. In addition to this, it is noteworthy to mention other advantages that photopolymerization provides, which could be highly interesting for material industry and, more concretely, in biomaterial fabrication. The photopolymerization presents fast and controllable reaction rates and requires low energy input, compared
* Leire Ruiz-Rubio [email protected] 1
BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, 48940 Leioa, Spain
2
Macromolecular Chemistry Group (LQM), Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, E-48940 Leioa, Spain
with a traditional radical polymerization. The reaction rate is fast at ambient or physiological temperature, which added to the capability to polymerize even in presence of oxygen and water, making this process very suitable for the development of materials in a biological media or in situ forming biomaterials. Additionally, this reaction could be both spatially directed and temporally controlled, for example, by illuminating only specific regions, and turning on and off the light or modulating its intensity. The initi
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