Biometric Algorithms
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Synonyms Vetting; Credit check; Personal information search; Preemployment screening; Disclosure check; Criminal record search; Criminal history check
Definitions There are multiple types of Background checks that all involve reviewing past, recorded behavior: 1. Job Applicants: When people apply for a position of trust (e.g., a school teacher, a lawyer, or bank teller) a background check is part of the way of determining if the applicant is suitable – a positive result. These are known as Applicant or Civil Background Checks. In the US: (a) If there is a state or federal law requiring a national check then applicant fingerprints (with minimal supporting biographic information) can be submitted to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for a search. (b) If the applicants are seeking federal employment then their biographic data and fingerprints can be submitted to the FBI for a search. (c) If the applicants are applying for a job not covered by a state or federal law they are restricted to commercial background checking services – companies that have aggregated financial, court, motor vehicle and other records. 2. Applicants for Credit: When people apply for credit cards or a large financial commitment (e.g., a mortgage) a background check is part of the way of determining if the applicant is suitable – a #
2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
positive result. These are known as Credit Checks and are performed by commercial background checking services. 3. Applicants for Government Benefits: When people apply for a visa, passport, drivers license, social security and other benefits governments use varying levels of background checks to weed out fraud (e.g., multiple applications with different identities but for the same subject), previously denied persons, etc. Other than possibly checks for visas, most of these checks say nothing about the suitability of a person for trustworthiness. 4. Criminals: In the criminal justice community Background Checks are used when a person is arrested to determine if an arrestee already has a criminal record that they are hiding – a negative result that will be used in setting bail, sentencing, etc. In the US: 5. Arrestee fingerprints (with minimal supporting biographic information) can be submitted to the FBI for a search. Background Checks are primarily based on textual information (e.g., name and date of birth) searches of bank, court, credit card issuer, and other files or textual searches and in some cases are combined with biometric based (e.g., fingerprint) searches of criminal or undesirable persons (e.g., persons previously deported) records. The ANSI/IAI 2-1988 American National Standard for Forensic Identification Glossary of Terms and Acronyms defines ▶ ‘‘criminal history check’’ as ‘‘A search of name indices and/or fingerprint files to determine whether or not a subject has a prior criminal record.’’ The same American National Standard glossary defines ‘‘criminal history’’ as ‘‘A chronological summary of an individual’s criminal activity which may include th
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