Biosensors: Moving from Macro- to Micro- and Nanosensors
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Biosensors: Moving from Macro- to Micro- and Nanosensors A. N. Reshetilova,b,*, P. M. Gotovtsevc, Ashok K. Sundramoorthyd, and R. G. Vasilovc a G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microroganisms of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IBPM RAS)—
Subdivision of “Federal Research Center Pushchino Biological Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences” (FRC PBRC RAS), Pushchino, Moscow oblast, 142290 Russia b Tula State University, Tula, 300600 Russia c National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute,” Moscow, 123182 Russia d Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu, 603203 India *e-mail: [email protected] Received May 22, 2020; revised May 22, 2020; accepted May 25, 2020
Abstract—In this review, we consider the trend in the development of biosensors (BSs) that manifests itself in the transition from macro- to micro- and nanodevices. In the successful interaction of biochemical/biotechnological and microelectronic technologies, the use of nanomaterials is accelerating this process. A similar trend is taking place in the development of biofuel elements. Despite the fact that the BS’s dimensions are not subject to accurate quantitative assessment and are not of paramount importance, it is important to pay attention to them when planning the practical application of analytical equipment. The most effective examples are used to illustrate the reduction in the physical size of BSs since their creation in the early 1960s to the present day. 10.1134/S1995078020010048
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1. Macrobiosensors: First-Generation Bioelectrodes 2. Emergence of Microbiosensor 3. Micronanobiosensor 4. Search for Materials and Enzyme Coupling Schemes 5. Nanobiosensors 6. Nanobiosensor Based on Single Molecules Conclusions
mine the glucose concentration in human blood. The principle of the analysis is simple. The glucose oxidase enzyme was applied to the platinum plate electrode; when glucose appeared in the sample, the electrode generated a current that depended on the glucose concentration. The duration of the analysis was several dozens of minutes. Clark explained that he constantly thought about how awkward the traditional biochemical analysis methods that took much longer to make such determinations were. The first BS with the measuring part of about 1 cm was large and was related to macrodevices. The wave of developments in the BS industry led to changes in the dimensions of bioanalytical devices, BSs. Although maintaining the main purpose of using biomaterial for analysis, BSs have become increasingly smaller. In this review, we consider the trend in the decrease in size of BSs. They are characterized by several significant parameters, for example, sensitivity, measurement time, and lifetime. These parameters are quantifiable, and based on it, the BS can be arranged in series: more sensitive, less sensitive, etc. Estimation of the size of BSs is not included in the category of rigid characteristics. Nevertheless, it is possible to
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