Biosurfactants: the next generation biomolecules for diverse applications
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REVIEW
Biosurfactants: the next generation biomolecules for diverse applications Geeta Rawat1 · Anupam Dhasmana1 · Vivek Kumar1 Received: 30 November 2019 / Revised: 11 September 2020 / Accepted: 12 September 2020 © Society for Environmental Sustainability 2020
Abstract Biosurfactants are surface-active biomolecules, produced by various microbes and play an imperative role in different fields. A lot of research work is going on including media optimization strategies by using the low-cost substrates for their production in a promising amount. The commercial uses of biosurfactants in various industries like food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, environmental sectors, oil recovery, and interestingly in the agricultural sector are being documented. Though, it is very essential to note that more information and full-scale studies are required to predict the model of biosurfactant functions and their behavior in different formulations and processes. The research highlighting their potential in human wellbeing and environmental sustainability is necessary to initiate attempts to make these biomolecules more practical for large scale and commercial uses. Moreover, it is also very important to make them easily available, economically sustainable, and producteffective. This review deliberates the distinctive features of biosurfactants and also discusses future challenges and research opportunities so as to use them in different ways. Keywords Biosurfactants · Environment · Human welfare · Microbes · Pollutants
Introduction Surface-active compounds made by a natural process, have become much popular in the recent years and therefore, the number of publications based on isolation, characterization, and optimization of biosurfactants producers are regularly increasing (Açıkel 2011; Kumar and Das 2018; Hippolyte et al. 2018; Olasanmi and Thring 2018; Singh et al. 2019; Sanchita and Pritisnigdha 2019). This may be attributed to their potential applications in diversified fields and explains why these groups of biomolecules continue to entice scientific curiosity (Franzetti et al. 2014; Akbari et al. 2018; Fenibo et al. 2019). Several advantages of the biosurfactants over their chemically synthesized counterparts is another reason (De Almeida et al. 2016). The advantages of biosurfactants over their chemical counterparts are; their structure is relatively simple as compared to the synthetic equivalent (Shekhar et al. 2015), synthetic surfactants cannot tolerate high salinity, whereas biosurfactants can tolerate up to 10% * Vivek Kumar [email protected] 1
Himalayan School of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jolly Grant, Dehradun, India
salinity (Santos et al. 2016). Therefore, these are employed in commercial products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, cleaning-up agents, and in the food industry. Synthetic surfactants are not considered for food and cosmetic uses because they can be toxic due to their chemical origin (Edwards et al. 2003; Santos et al. 2016). These natural biomolecules have great emulsion form
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