Biotechnology for Biofuel Production
The commercial production of lignocellulosic biofuels relies heavily on a reduction in production costs. These costs are high in part due to the challenge of biomass deconstruction and the complex nature of the secondary cell wall. The removal of lignin f
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Contents 1 Introduction 2 Modification of Secondary Cell Wall Biosynthesis 2.1 Lignin 2.2 Cellulose 2.3 Hemicellulose 3 Enzyme Production in Plants 4 Improving Biomass Production 4.1 Nutrients 4.2 Hormones 5 Introducing Sterility 6 Conclusions References
Abstract The commercial production of lignocellulosic biofuels relies heavily on a reduction in production costs. These costs are high in part due to the challenge of biomass deconstruction and the complex nature of the secondary cell wall. The removal of lignin from the carbohydrates, and the subsequent or concurrent hydrolysis of the polysaccharides into monomers for fermentation continue to hamper large commercialization efforts. One solution for this is to tailor biomass for the production of fuels. Here we review work in the field of plant biotechnology, with a focus on dicots, to alter the secondary cell wall, produce plant made enzymes, increase biomass production, and create sterile lines. We conclude by laying out future directions for research to support the production of cost-effective lignocellulosic fuels.
B. Viele, R. Ellingston, D. Wang, Y. Park, R. Higgins, and H. D. Coleman (*) Biology Department, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, USA e-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 Progress in Botany, https://doi.org/10.1007/124_2020_39
B. Viele et al.
1 Introduction Global dependence on fossil fuels continues despite improved understanding of the climate implications of these emissions (Quéré et al. 2018). The ecological cost of these fuels as well as the high demand and concerns over energy security have led to the need for development of green energy sources such as biomass derived fuels (Rodionova et al. 2017). These biofuels are derived from the chemical conversion of organic material from organisms such as plants or algae as opposed to the nonrenewable sources from which fossil fuels arise. The two primary types of biomass derived fuels are first generation and second generation, or lignocellulosic, biofuels (Rodionova et al. 2017). First generation fuels utilize starch from potential feed and food sources such as corn kernels or wheat, whereas second generation fuels are produced from the structural carbohydrates in plant secondary cell walls (SCW; Baig et al. 2019). One of the primary benefits of lignocellulosic fuels is their independence from lands used for food production (Correa et al. 2019). The biomass used for the production of these second generation fuels can be sourced from agricultural waste, or from dedicated energy crops that may be grown on land that is less optimal for agriculture (Rocha-Meneses et al. 2017). Lignocellulosic fuels are derived from the SCW, a thick structural cell wall layer located between the plasma membrane and the thinner primary cell wall (McCahill and Hazen 2019). The SCW is comprised of the polyphenol lignin, as well as cellulose and hemicellulose, both of which can be hydrolyzed into carbohydrate mo
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