Bolivia
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via (Plurinational State of Bolivia) Capital: Sucre Seat of government: La Paz Population projection, 2020: 11·55m. GNI per capita, 2014: (PPP$) 5,760 HDI/world rank, 2014: 0·662/119 Internet domain extension: .bo
TERRITORY AND POPULATION Bolivia is a landlocked state bounded in the north and east by Brazil, south by Paraguay and Argentina, and west by Chile and Peru, with an area of some 1,098,581 sq. km (424,165 sq. miles). A coastal strip of land on the Pacific passed to Chile after a war in 1884. In 1953 Chile declared Arica a free port and Bolivia has certain privileges there. Population (2012 census): 10,059,856 (5,040,409 females); density, 9·2 per sq. km. In 2011, 67·0% of the population lived in urban areas. The UN gives a projected population for 2020 of 11·55m. Area and population of the departments (capitals in brackets) at the 2001 and 2012 censuses:
KEY HISTORICAL EVENTS Archaeological evidence from the Bolivian Amazon’s Llanos de Moxos region points to hunter-gatherer settlements dating from 8000 BC. Small farming settlements were established by 1500 BC on the Altiplano high plains to the southeast of Lake Titicaca and one of them, Tiwanaku, developed sophisticated irrigation techniques that by AD 800 may have supported hundreds of thousands of people. However, the Tiwanaku civilization appears to have waned after AD 950 when there was a shift to drier climatic conditions. In the mid-15th century the area around Lake Titicaca came under the control of the Quechua-speaking Inca people, originally from the Cusco valley. Under Huayna Capac (1464–1527) the empire stretched along the Andes from Ecuador to Chile. By the late 1520s the Inca civilization was waning, beset by internal rivalries and a feud between Huayna Capac’s two sons, Huasca and Atahualpa. The Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro, landed on the Ecuadorian coast in 1531, building alliances with local groups who resented Inca rule. After victory at the 1532 Battle of Cajamara, the Spanish conquistadors took Cusco. The Alto Peru high plains briefly came under the control of Almagro, and then Pizarro following the former’s assassination in 1538. In that year La Plata (later Sucre) was
Departments Beni (Trinidad) Chuquiaca (Sucre) Cochabamba (Cochabamba) La Paz (La Paz) Oruro (Oruro) Pando (Cobija) Potosí (Potosí) Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz de la Sierra) Tarija (Tarija) Total
216
Area (sq. km) Census (2001) Census (2012) 213,564 362,521 422,008 51,524 531,522 581,347 55,631 1,455,711 1,762,761 133,985 2,350,466 2,719,344 53,588 391,870 494,587 63,827 52,525 110,436 118,218 709,013 828,093 370,621 37,623
2,029,471 391,226
2,657,762 483,518
1,098,581
8,274,325
10,059,856
217
BOLIVIA
Population (2012 census, in 1,000) of the principal towns: Santa Cruz de la Sierra, 1,442; El Alto, 847; La Paz, 759; Cochabamba, 632; Oruro, 265; Sucre, 239; Tarija, 180; Potosí, 176; Sacaba, 150. Spanish along with the Amerindian languages Quechua and Aymará are all official languages; Tupi Guaraní is also spoken. 41% of the population iden
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