Brain-Computer Interface Technologies Accelerating Neuro-Technology
This book is about the field of brain-computer interfaces (BCI) and the unique and special environment of active implants that electrically interface with the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and organs. At the heart of the book is the matter of rep
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BrainComputer Interface Technologies Accelerating Neuro-Technology for Human Benefit
Brain-Computer Interface Technologies
Claude Clément
Brain-Computer Interface Technologies Accelerating Neuro-Technology for Human Benefit
Claude Clément Campus Biotech Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering Genève, Geneve, Switzerland
ISBN 978-3-030-27851-9 ISBN 978-3-030-27852-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27852-6 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
To our patients, who give us so much motivation to continue. To all my colleagues at the Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering and to all the people I worked with in the past 30 years in the field of active implantable devices. Geneva, June 3, 2019
Preface
If we were able to sneak along our spinal cord and nerves, or to slip through by the interface of our ears or eyes, we would enter in the limitless cosmos of the billions of neurons living in our body which are making us as we are. The ancients were thinking that our heart was the center of our emotions. It is not true. The heart is the machine our body needs to preserve life, but what characterizes human beings, personal features, sensations, emotions, and feelings resides in our nervous system where, in a majestic dynamic ballet, interconnections change, neurons die and appear, and areas damaged by a traumatism receive help from other sections of the brain. The way our synapses interleave is in a continuous evolution, and we ignore the rules governing these changes. For a long time, we could not do much more than “listen” to the brain by collecting tiny electrical signals at the surface of the scalp using the well-known electro
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