Bridging the GAPs in plant reproduction: a comparison of plant and animal GPI-anchored proteins
- PDF / 8,410,479 Bytes
- 14 Pages / 595.276 x 790.866 pts Page_size
- 33 Downloads / 178 Views
REVIEW
Bridging the GAPs in plant reproduction: a comparison of plant and animal GPI‑anchored proteins Nicholas Desnoyer1,2 · Ravishankar Palanivelu1 Received: 11 July 2020 / Accepted: 7 September 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Key message Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins (GAPs) are a unique type of membrane-associated proteins in eukaryotes. GPI and GAP biogenesis and function have been well studied in non-plant models and play an important role in the fertility of mouse sperm and egg. Although GPI and GAP biogenesis and function in plants are less known, they are critical for flowering plant reproduction because of their essential roles in the fertility of the male and female gametophytes. Abstract In Eukaryotes, GPI, a glycolipid molecule, can be post-translationally attached to proteins to serve as an anchor in the plasma membrane. GPI-anchoring, compared to other modes of membrane attachment and lipidation processes, localizes proteins to the extracellular portion of the plasma membrane and confers several unique attributes including specialized sorting during secretion, molecular painting onto membranes, and enzyme-mediated release of protein through anchor cleavage. While the biosynthesis, structure, and role of GPI are mostly studied in mammals, yeast and protists, the function of GPI and GAPs in plants is being discovered, particularly in gametophyte development and function. Here, we review GPI biosynthesis, protein attachment, and remodeling in plants with insights about this process in mammals. Additionally, we summarize the reproductive phenotypes of all loss of function mutations in Arabidopsis GPI biosynthesis and GAP genes and compare these to the reproductive phenotypes seen in mice to serve as a framework to identify gaps in our understanding of plant GPI and GAPs. In addition, we present an analysis on the gametophyte expression of all Arabidopsis GAPs to assist in further research on the role of GPI and GAPs in all aspects of the gametophyte generation in the life cycle of a plant. Keywords Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor · GPI transamidase complex · Pollen · Pollen tube · Female gametophyte · Reproduction
Introduction Several modes of protein membrane attachment have been described in eukaryotic cells. While hydrophobic stretches of amino acids in their peptide sequence facilitate intrinsic Communicated by Thomas Dresselhaus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-020-00395-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ravishankar Palanivelu [email protected] 1
School of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
Present Address: Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH‑8008 Zurich, Switzerland
2
embedding of most membrane proteins into the lipid bilayer, others are post-translationally modified (PTM) to receive lipophilic groups capab
Data Loading...
