Calculation and Computation in the Pre-electronic Era The Mechanical
Although it is popularly assumed that the history of computing before the second half of the 20th century was unimportant, in fact the Industrial Revolution was made possible and even sustained by a parallel revolution in computing technology. An exa
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Aristotle Tympas
Calculation and Computation in the Preelectronic Era The Mechanical and Electrical Ages
History of Computing Founding Editor Martin Campbell-Kelly, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK Series Editor Gerard Alberts, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Advisory Board Jack Copeland, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Ulf Hashagen, Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany Valérie Schafer, CNRS, Paris, France John V. Tucker, Swansea University, Swansea, UK Jeffrey R. Yost, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
The History of Computing series publishes high-quality books which address the history of computing, with an emphasis on the ‘externalist’ view of this history, more accessible to a wider audience. The series examines content and history from four main quadrants: the history of relevant technologies, the history of the core science, the history of relevant business and economic developments, and the history of computing as it pertains to social history and societal developments Titles can span a variety of product types, including but not exclusively, themed volumes, biographies, ‘profile’ books (with brief biographies of a number of key people), expansions of workshop proceedings, general readers, scholarly expositions, titles used as ancillary textbooks, revivals and new editions of previous worthy titles These books will appeal, varyingly, to academics and students in computer science, history, mathematics, business and technology studies. Some titles will also directly appeal to professionals and practitioners of different backgrounds.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8442
Aristotle Tympas
Calculation and Computation in the Pre-electronic Era The Mechanical and Electrical Ages
Aristotle Tympas National and Kapodestrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
The author(s) has/have asserted their right(s) to be identified as the author(s) of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ISSN 2190-6831 ISSN 2190-684X (electronic) History of Computing ISBN 978-1-84882-741-7 ISBN 978-1-84882-742-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84882-742-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017952052 © Springer-Verlag London Ltd. 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the
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