Calculation of Roundabouts Capacity, Waiting Phenomena and Reliabili
Roundabouts have become one of the most significant traffic control measures because they are generally statistically safer and more efficient than traditional at grade intersections. This book is dedicated to the evaluation of the operating conditions of
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Raffaele Mauro
Calculation of Roundabouts Capacity, Waiting Phenomena and Reliability
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Prof. Raffaele Mauro Università Trento Dip.to Ingegneria Meccanica e Strutturale (DIMS) Via Mesiano, 77 38050 Trento Italy [email protected]
ISBN 978-3-642-04550-9 e-ISBN 978-3-642-04551-6 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04551-6 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2009939930 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Cover design: eStudio Calamar S.L. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
To my Mother, Invigilans Lucerna
Preface
Over the last decades, roundabouts have been increasingly used in building new atgrade intersections and in changing the layout of existing intersections. Therefore, we decided that it would be useful to collect, in one volume, the methods and procedures used to evaluate the operating conditions of this type of intersection. The organization of this book is as follows: Chapter 1 deals with the definitions of capacity, capacity indices for roundabouts, and parameters linked to waiting phenomena at entries, i.e., delays and queue lengths. This is preceded by an introduction to the fundamental concepts associated with statistical equilibrium and steady-state conditions. These general concepts of the theory of systems and control are applied to roundabouts. Chapter 2 starts with some examples of capacity formulas, selected from the three types that are available in today’s scientific and technical literature. Then, some criteria for taking into account the effects of pedestrian flows on entry and exit capacities are presented. The remaining part of this chapter is dedicated to the calculation procedures for flows entering the roundabout, to the capacity in case of saturation or oversaturation of one or more entries, and to simple capacity and total capacity. Chapter 3 covers the analysis of waiting phenomena under steady-state and transient conditions. The material in Chap. 3 includes the standard key results of simple probabilistic (Markovian) and deterministic queuing systems, as well as the results of some special time-dependent solutions for waiting phen
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