Can we diagnose disk and facet degeneration in lumbar spine by acoustic analysis of spine sounds?
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Can we diagnose disk and facet degeneration in lumbar spine by acoustic analysis of spine sounds? Vugar Nabi1 · Selim Ayhan2 · Emre Acaroglu3 · Mustafa Arda Ahi4
· Hakan Toreyin5 · A. Enis Cetin6
Received: 22 July 2020 / Revised: 20 August 2020 / Accepted: 31 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract This study aims to investigate spine sounds from a perspective that would make their use for diagnostic purposes of any spinal pathology possible. People with spine problems can be determined using joint sounds collected from the involved area of the spinal columns of subjects. In our sound dataset, it is observed that a ‘click’ sound is detected in individuals who are suffering from low back pain. Recorded joint sounds are classified using automatic speech recognition algorithm. melfrequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) are extracted from the sound signals as feature vectors. MFCC’s are classified using an artificial neural networks, which is currently the state-of-the-art speech recognition tool. The algorithm has a high success rate of detecting ‘click’ sounds in a given sound signal and it can perfectly identify and differentiate healthy individuals from unhealthy subjects in our data set. Spine sounds have the potential of serving as a reliable marker of the spine health. Keywords Lower back pain (LBP) · Preventive spine healthcare · Spinal acoustic emission sounds · Artificial neural networks · Sound recognition · Mel-cepstrum
1 Introduction and related work
B
Mustafa Arda Ahi [email protected] Vugar Nabi [email protected] Selim Ayhan [email protected] Emre Acaroglu [email protected] Hakan Toreyin [email protected] A. Enis Cetin [email protected]
1
Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Ministry of Health, Antalya Research and Education Hospital, University of Health Science, Antalya, Turkey
2
Department of Neurosurgery, Ba¸skent University Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
3
Ankara Spine Center, ˙Iran Caddesi 45/2 Kavaklıdere, Ankara, Turkey
4
BAE Systems, Marconi Way, Chatham, Rochester, Kent ME1 2XX, UK
5
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
The lifetime prevalence of lower back pain (LBP) among the US and Turkish populations are 80% [1], and between 50% and 80% depending on the settlement type (i.e., urban vs. rural) [2], respectively. The gold standards in the diagnosis of spine problems in clinical settings are X-rays and MR imaging (MRI), which enable detailed analysis of structural changes in the spine in a noninvasive manner. However, both techniques require trained personnel. Techniques with associated ionizing radiation exposure for patients (i.e., X-rays and CTs) raise concerns regarding secondary malignancies. In addition, they are expensive and time-consuming, and therefore inappropriate for spine health monitoring outside a clinic. As such, patients visit clinicians only when the symptoms (i.e., pain, limited range of motion) starts, which may affect the treat
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