Cannabis Exposure During Critical Windows of Development: Epigenetic and Molecular Pathways Implicated in Neuropsychiatr
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ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS (A CARDENAS AND A KUPSCO, SECTION EDITORS)
Cannabis Exposure During Critical Windows of Development: Epigenetic and Molecular Pathways Implicated in Neuropsychiatric Disease Anna Smith 1,2 & Farla Kaufman 3 & Martha S. Sandy 3 & Andres Cardenas 1,2
# The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Purpose of Review Cannabis exposure during critical windows of development may have intergenerational physiological consequences disrupting epigenetic programming and marks. This review examines the literature relating to pre-gestational and prenatal cannabinoid exposure and its effect on genes and molecular pathways related to the development of psychiatric disease. Recent Findings Developmental cannabis exposure alters epigenetic processes with functional gene consequences. These include potentially heritable alterations in genes and molecular pathways critical for brain development and associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia, addiction, and other psychiatric diseases. Summary Cannabis consumption and mental health illness in adolescents and young adults are increasing in the United States (U.S.), and recent studies suggest that cannabis consumption during critical periods of brain development could contribute to mental health illness through epigenetic mechanisms. These findings warrant future studies and consideration by regulators and health communicators. Keywords Cannabis . Δ9-THC . Epigenetics . Prenatal exposure . DOHaD . DNA methylation
Introduction Cannabis (marijuana) is the most commonly used illicit psychoactive drug in the United States (U.S.) with an estimated 9.6% of the population aged 12 and older reporting use in the past month [1]. States are increasingly legalizing both recreational and medicinal cannabis use [2]. The majority of new users are under 18 years of age [3], and cannabis use has increased among youth and teens since 2007 [4]. In addition, pregnant women are increasingly using it to mitigate morning sickness. In the U.S., between 2002–2003 and 2016–2017, the This article is part of the Topical Collection on Topical Collection on Environmental Epigenetics * Andres Cardenas [email protected] 1
Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
2
Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
3
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, California Environmental Protection Agency, Sacramento, CA, USA
adjusted prevalence of past-month cannabis use increased from 3.4 to 7.0% among pregnant women overall and from 5.7 to 12.1% among pregnant women during the first trimester [5]. A recent national survey suggested that the public perception of “great risk” from weekly cannabis use has dropped from 50.4% in 2002 to 33.3% in 2014 [6]. Another recent survey found that 81% of U.S. adults believe that cannabis has at least one health benefit, such as use in pain management, disease treatment, or relief of anxi
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