CanSuR: a robust method for staining pattern recognition of HEp-2 cell IIF images
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CanSuR: a robust method for staining pattern recognition of HEp-2 cell IIF images Ankita Mandal1 • Pradipta Maji1 Received: 16 August 2018 / Accepted: 19 February 2019 Ó Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2019
Abstract The recognition of staining patterns present in human epithelial type 2 (HEp-2) cells helps to diagnose connective tissue disease. In this context, the paper introduces a robust method, termed as CanSuR, for automatic recognition of antinuclear autoantibodies by HEp-2 cell indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) image analysis. The proposed method combines the advantages of a new sequential supervised canonical correlation analysis (CCA), introduced in this paper, with the theory of rough hypercuboid approach. While the proposed CCA efficiently combines the local textural information of HEp-2 cells, derived from various scales of rotation-invariant local binary patterns, the relevant and significant features of HEp-2 cell for staining pattern recognition are extracted using rough hypercuboid approach. Finally, the support vector machine, with radial basis function kernel, is used to recognize one of the known staining patterns present in IIF images. The effectiveness of the proposed staining pattern recognition method, along with a comparison with related approaches, is demonstrated on MIVIA, SNP and ICPR HEp-2 cell image databases. An important finding is that the proposed method performs significantly better than state-of-the art methods, on three HEp-2 cell image databases with respect to both classification accuracy and F1 score. Keywords HEp-2 cell staining pattern recognition Local binary pattern Canonical correlation analysis Support vector machine
1 Introduction Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders where the immune system of the affected individual malfunctions and the tissues are attacked by autoantibodies. One aspect of these diseases is the formation of self-antigens or autoantibodies. There are two general groups of autoimmune diseases, namely, organ specific and non-organ specific. In organ specific, a specific organ can be attacked, while in non-organ specific, multiple organ systems can be attacked by the autoantibodies. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is an example of organ-specific autoimmune disease where the thyroid gland is damaged by autoantibodies. An example of & Pradipta Maji [email protected] Ankita Mandal [email protected] 1
Biomedical Imaging and Bioinformatics Lab, Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
a systemic autoimmune disease is systemic lupus erythematosus where the autoantibodies can attack any organ in the body. One of the standard examples of autoimmune disorders is connective tissue diseases (CTDs), which are characterized by a chronic inflammatory process concerning connective tissues. The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is used to predict the presence of autoantibodies in nucleus of the cell. The ANAs are used as markers to detect certain chron
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