Carbon nanotube-based thin-film resistive sensor for point-of-care screening of tuberculosis
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Carbon nanotube-based thin-film resistive sensor for point-of-care screening of tuberculosis Seong-Joong Kahng 1 & Scott D Soelberg 2 & Fabrice Fondjo 3 & Jong-Hoon Kim 3 & Clement E Furlong 2 & Jae-Hyun Chung 1
# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract For point-of-care diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB), current TB diagnostic approaches need to be further improved for achieving an accurate diagnosis that is rapid and low-cost. This paper presents an immuno-resistive sensor on a plastic film for inexpensive, simple TB screening. The sensor is composed of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) functionalized with polyclonal antibodies raised against the MPT64 surface antigen from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). The target analyte of either MTB or MPT64 is spiked in tongue swab and sputum samples. Under optimized conditions, targets are directly detected from tongue swab samples by resistive measurement. Target analytes spiked into human sputa are enriched with a magnetic bead protocol followed by resistive detection. This highly sensitive film sensor will facilitate rapid TB screening with the added benefits of a small form factor, simple operation, low power requirement, and low cost. Keywords Single walled carbon nanotubes . Immunoresistive sensor . Tuberculosis . Point-of-care diagnosis
1 Introduction Tuberculosis, an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is one of the most serious infectious diseases worldwide. Although the incidence is gradually declining, developing countries have a significantly higher mortality rate than developed countries (Sulis et al. 2016). In Asian and African countries, MTB infection occurs in 80% of the population (Gupta and Kakkar 2018). Currently, for the initial TB screening, three sputum samples are collected from a patient in the early morning. This sample collection procedure is then repeated several times for initial diagnosis. Microbial culture from sputum is the gold standard diagnostic method, but Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10544-020-00506-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jae-Hyun Chung [email protected] 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
2
Departments of Medicine-Division of Medical Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
3
School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
requires laboratory infrastructure with trained personnel and takes a few weeks for results. For rapid TB screening, the collected samples are diagnosed with various methods, such as, the Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) method for microscopic detection, immunoassays for antigen detection (Sada et al. 1992), or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for DNA or RNA detection (Dheda et al. 2013; Garcia-Basteiro et al. 2018). The ZN smear method is labor-intensive and not sufficiently sensitive for TB diagnosis (WHO 2008). I
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