Carbon Supported Phosphoric Acid Catalysts for Gas-Phase Synthesis of Diesel Additives
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Carbon Supported Phosphoric Acid Catalysts for Gas‑Phase Synthesis of Diesel Additives Anna Grünert1 · Wolfgang Schmidt1 · Ferdi Schüth1 Received: 29 January 2020 / Accepted: 23 March 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Carbon supported phosphoric acid ( H3PO4/C) was found to be a more productive catalyst for the gas-phase synthesis of the diesel fuel additive/substitute oxymethylene ethers (OME) as compared to benchmark zeolite catalysts. In this contribution, the performance of catalysts H 3PO4/C and related H2PO4−/C and HPO42−/C materials in OME synthesis from methanol and formaldehyde is described. Graphic Abstract
1 Introduction Many efforts in research and politics are currently directed towards finding solutions for more sustainable mobility, as the transportation sector constitutes one of the main factors contributing to global greenhouse gas emission [1]. In the last decades, governments in Europe and North America
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-020-03200-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Ferdi Schüth schueth@mpi‑muelheim.mpg.de 1
Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser‑Wilhelm‑Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
have implemented increasingly strict legislation concerning levels of pollutant exhaust gases [2]. In addition to a further improvement of engines, the development of superior fuels is a viable approach in order to mitigate the emission of C O2 and other pollutants [3]. In the context of sustainability, not only the reduction of greenhouse gases, but also a shift away from fossil energy resources is desired. Both requirements can be satisfied when vehicles are fuelled with synthetic fuels on the basis of sustainably generated carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2). The use of CO2 sourced from industrial exhaust gases, biomass or via direct air capture allows reducing the overall life-cycle CO2 emissions via C O2 consumption during fuel production [4]. Hydrogen is preferably produced via water electrolysis using electricity from renewable sources. Various CO2-based fuels are known to date, namely methane, methanol, dimethyl ether (DME), or Fischer–Tropsch (FT) fuels. Recently, the group of homologuous oxymethylene ethers (OME, CH3O(CH2O)nCH3, see Fig. 1), which can be produced from methanol and is therefore also considered as a C O2-based fuel, has gained attention due to the promising combustion characteristics as well as favourable physicochemical properties, with n = 3–5 being the most favourable range. Combustion of neat OME or of blends with diesel fuel in conventional compression ignition engines results in a significant decrease in particulate matter emissions as compared to common diesel fuel [5–8]. Due to the absence of the common soot-NO x trade-off, which only allows
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O
O n
Fig. 1 Chemical structure of oxymethylene ethers, n denoting the number of repeating units
Fig. 2 Reaction equ
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