Cardiac autonomic recovery following traditional and augmented remote ischemic preconditioning
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Cardiac autonomic recovery following traditional and augmented remote ischemic preconditioning William N. Morley1 · Alexandra M. Coates1 · Jamie F. Burr1 Received: 12 June 2020 / Accepted: 6 October 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Purpose While the possible ergogenic benefits of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) make it an attractive training modality, the mechanisms of action remain unclear. Alterations in neural tone have been demonstrated in conjunction with circulatory occlusion, yet investigation of the autonomic nervous system following RIPC treatment has received little attention. We sought to characterize alterations in autonomic balance to both RIPC and augmented RIPC ( RIPCaug) performed while cycling, using acute and sustained autonomic indices. Methods Thirteen participants (8M:5F) recorded baseline waking heart rate variability (HRV) for 5 days prior to treatment. Participants then completed control exercise (CON), RIPC, and R IPCaug interventions in a randomized cross-over design. Cardiovascular measurements were recorded immediately before and after each intervention at rest, and during an orthostatic challenge. Waking HRV was repeated the morning after each intervention. Results RIPC resulted in acutely reduced resting heart rates (HR) (∆ − 4 ± 6 bpm, P = 0.02) and suppressed HR 30 s following the orthostatic challenge compared to CON (64 ± 10 vs 74 ± 9 bpm, P = 0.003). RIPCaug yielded elevated HRs compared to CON and RIPC prior to (P = 0.003) and during the orthostatic challenge (P = 0.002). RIPCaug reduced LnSDNN (Baseline 4.39 ± 0.27; CON 4.44 ± 0.39; RIPC 4.41 ± 0.34; RIPCaug 4.22 ± 0.29, P = 0.02) and LnHfa power (Baseline 7.82 ± 0.54; CON 7.73 ± 1.11; RIPC 7.89 ± 0.78; RIPCaug 7.23 ± 0.87, P = 0.04) the morning after treatment compared to all other conditions. Conclusions Our data suggest that RIPC may influence HR acutely, possibly through a reduction in cardiac sympathetic activity, and that RIPCaug reduces HRV through cardiac vagal withdrawal or increased cardiac sympathetic modulation, with alterations persisting until the following morning. These findings imply a dose–response relationship with potential for optimization of performance. Keywords Blood flow restriction · Exercise · Heart rate variability · Heart rate recovery · Orthostatic challenge · Tilt test Abbreviations ANOVA Analysis of variance BP Blood pressure CON Control exercise DBP Diastolic blood pressure HFa High-frequency absolute power HR Heart rate HRR Heart rate recovery Communicated by Ellen Adele Dawson. * Jamie F. Burr [email protected] 1
The Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E., Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
HRV Heart rate variability RIPC Remote ischemic preconditioning RIPCaug Augmented remote ischemic preconditioning LF/HF Low-frequency-to-high-frequency ratio LnHFA Natural log high-freque
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