Cardiac Mechanical Signals
Over the past century, extensive research has been conducted on interpretation of vibration signals created by the heart and their potential use in noninvasive cardiology. Today, new microelectronics and signal processing technologies have provided unprec
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Abstract Over the past century, extensive research has been conducted on interpretation of vibration signals created by the heart and their potential use in noninvasive cardiology. Today, new microelectronics and signal processing technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to reintroduce some of these techniques as useful cardiovascular assessment tools. The purpose of this book chapter is to review these recent efforts and to study these signals in two categories of local pulses and whole-body signals. The present challenges and opportunities in the field are also investigated.
1 Introduction Every heartbeat creates small vibrations that shake the human body and the mechanically coupled environment around it. These vibrations can be recorded using sensors John Zanetti passed away on November 30th 2017. R. Casanella Universitat Polytecnica Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain e-mail: [email protected] F. Khosrow-khavar Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada e-mail: [email protected] S. Schmidt Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark e-mail: [email protected] J. Zanetti Acceleron Medical, North Andover, USA e-mail: [email protected] K. Tavakolian (B) University of North Dakota, North Dakota, USA e-mail: [email protected] © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019 S. Golemati and K. S. Nikita (eds.), Cardiovascular Computing—Methodologies and Clinical Applications, Series in BioEngineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5092-3_3
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placed on the body or on the platforms upon which the body rests. Although what all these signals have in common is the beating of the heart as their main source, these signals have different morphologies and different relationships to cardiovascular dynamics, depending on the placement and type of the sensor. Over the past century, extensive research has been conducted on interpretation of these signals in terms of their relationship to cardiovascular dynamics and their potential use in diagnostic cardiology. Today, new microelectronics and signal processing technologies have provided unprecedented opportunities to reintroduce some of these relatively old techniques as useful cardiac diagnostic and monitoring tools, creating a new surge of research in this field. The accelerometers and gyroscopes embedded in new cellphones have enough sensitivity to record many of these cardiac signals and the same cell phones have all the processing capability required to extract clinically relevant information from the recorded signals. The main purpose of this book chapter is to review these recent efforts recording and analysis of mechanical vibration signals and introduce some of the present challenges and opportunities in the field.
2 Different Categories of Cardiac Mechanical Signals Cardiac mechanical signals are recordings performed by either placing sensors on the body (torso), and recording the local pulses, or embedding the sensors in platforms on which the body rests, such as weighing scales, beds and chairs, thus recording wholebody movements. The re
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