Carrier Phase Integer Ambiguity Resolution
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS ) carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution is the process of resolving the carrier-phase ambiguities as integers. It is the key to fast and high-precision GNSS parameter estimation and it applies to a great varie
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Carrier Phase
23. Carrier Phase Integer Ambiguity Resolution
Peter J.G. Teunissen
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) carrierphase integer ambiguity resolution is the process of resolving the carrier-phase ambiguities as integers. It is the key to fast and high-precision GNSS parameter estimation and it applies to a great variety of GNSS models that are currently in use in navigation, surveying, geodesy and geophysics. The theory that underpins GNSS carrier-phase ambiguity resolution is the theory of integer inference. This theory and its practical application is the topic of the present chapter.
GNSS Ambiguity Resolution................ The GNSS Model................................. Ambiguity Resolution Steps ................ Ambiguity Resolution Quality.............. Rounding and Bootstrapping ............ Integer Rounding .............................. Vectorial Rounding ............................
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Carrier-phase integer ambiguity resolution is the key to fast and high-precision GNSS parameter estimation. It is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of the carrier-phase data as integers. Once this has been done successfully, the very precise carrier-phase data will act as very precise pseudorange data, thus making very precise positioning and navigation possible. GNSS ambiguity resolution applies to a great variety of current and future GNSS models, with applications in surveying, navigation, geodesy and geophysics. These models may differ greatly in complexity and diversity. They range from single-receiver or single-baseline models used for kinematic positioning to multibaseline models used as a tool for studying geodynamic phenomena. The models may or may not have the relative receiver-satellite geometry included. They may also be discriminated as to whether the slave receiver(s) is stationary or in motion, or whether or not the differential atmospheric delays (ionosphere and troposphere) are included as unknowns. An overview of
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23.3 23.3.1 23.3.2 23.3.3 23.3.4
Linear Combinations ......................... Z-transformations ............................. (Extra) Widelaning ............................. Decorrelating Transformation.............. Numerical Example............................
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23.4 23.4.1 23.4.2 23.4.3
Integer Least-Squares ....................... Mixed Integer Least-Squares .............. The ILS Computation .......................... Least-Squares Success Rate.................
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23.5
Partial Ambiguity Resolution .............
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23.6 23.6.1 23.6.2 23.6.3 23.6.4 23.6.5
When to Accept the Integer Solution? Model- and Data-Driven Rules ........... Four Ambiguity Resolution Steps ......... Quality of Accepted Integer Solution.... Fixed Failure-Rate Ratio Test .............. Optimal Integer Ambiguity Test ...........
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References...................................................
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these models can be found in textbooks like [23.1–5] and in the Chaps. 21, 25, and
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