Catalunya, One Nation, Two States An Ethnographic Study of Nonviolen

This book deals with the culture of Catalan resistance to assimilation, through the maintenance of the Catalan language as an expression of identity. This book argues that the Catalans also developed a series of cultural mechanisms to foster identity thro

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Catalunya, One Nation, Two States An Ethnographic Study of Nonviolent Resistance to Assimilation Alexander Alland, Jr. with Sonia Alland

CATALUNYA, ONE NATION, TWO STATES

© Alexander Alland, Jr. with Sonia Alland, 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published in 2006 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™ 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS Companies and representatives throughout the world. PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-7440-2 DOI 10.1057/9780230603172

ISBN 978-0-230-60317-2 (eBook)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Alland, Alexander, Jr. 1931– Catalunya, one nation, two states : an ethnographic study of nonviolent resistance to assimilation / Alexander Alland, Jr. with Sonia Alland. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nationalism—Spain—Catalonia. 2. Catalans—Ethnic identity. 3. Catalans—Cultural assimilation—Spain—Portbou—Case studies. 4. Catalans—Cultural assimilation—France—Cerbère—Case studies. I. Alland, Sonia. II. Title. DP302.C69A55 2006 320.540946⬘7—dc22

2006043266

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India. First edition: December 2006 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Contents Preface

vii

Introduction

1

Chapter One

The How and Why of This Book

Chapter Two

Framing the Study: The Origin and Meaning of Nationalism

7 37

Chapter Three The People of Cerbère Speak

65

Chapter Four

The People of Portbou Speak

93

Chapter Five

A New Direction

115

Chapter Six

The State of Catalan in Rosselló (Roussillon)

133

Chapter Seven Northern Catalans Speak Chapter Eight

Language and Identity on the Horns of a Dilemma

149 175

Appendix

191

Bibliography

197

Index

203

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Preface This is a book about Catalunya, a nation without a state encompassing a past that goes back at least to the tenth century. It is also about the nonviolent struggle of Catalans to maintain their culture and language in the face of two powerful nation-states, France and Spain. Our research began in a more or less traditional anthropological setting, which is to say, in two small populations of approximately 1,500 each. The size of these villages made it possible to use the principal method of anthropological research, namely participant observation. This method allows patient researchers to at least partially integrate themselves into the host culture through the establishment of social relations with informants. Apart from re