Catalytic action of carbon nanotubes on ammonium perchlorate thermal behavior
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Catalytic action of carbon nanotubes on ammonium perchlorate thermal behavior Mahmoud Abdelhafiz1 · M. Yehia1 · Hosam E. Mostafa1 · Tamer Z. Wafy1 Received: 9 June 2020 / Accepted: 24 August 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract This work focuses on the catalytic activity of ammonium perchlorate (AP) through the encapsulation technique using the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and the multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs). Encapsulation process took place utilizing a revised approach of the fast-crash solvent–antisolvent method. Particle shape and size were characterized using EDX and SEM, while the thermal behavior of AP/SWCNTs and AP/MWCNTs composite particles was evaluated using DSC together with TGA. The TGA data were applied for quantifying the AP activation energy using the Kissinger method and was confirmed through the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) method. The obtained encapsulated AP showed a significant reduction in the decomposition temperature and a major increase in the overall heat release of AP. Also, kinetics study data showed that encapsulated AP possessed lower activation energy in comparison to that of the pure AP. These results established that carbon nanotubes (CNTs) could be a promising innovative catalyst that has a straightforward impact on the ammonium perchlorate thermal activity, thus affects the thermal behavior and performance of the rocket propellant formulations. Keywords Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) · Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) · Encapsulation technique · Catalytic activity · Ammonium perchlorate (AP) · Thermal decomposition
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article https://doi.org/10.1007/s1114 4-020-01848-y contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Mahmoud Abdelhafiz [email protected] 1
School of Chemical Engineering, Military Technical College (MTC), Cairo, Egypt
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Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis
Introduction Solid rocket propellant formulations involve primary oxidizers of 80–90 wt%. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) occupies the first rank among the whole used oxidizers around the world where it is the most reliable oxidizer in this field. Thus, AP plays an imperative role in the propellant field. For that reason, AP particles motivated many researchers to investigate and invest in researches to improve their characteristics. One of the most attractive research points is the thermal decomposition of AP. This could be attributed to the direct combination of its decomposition with the thermal manner and performance of the propellant formulations. The thermal decomposition of AP is not a straightforward process neither its proposed mechanism nor how the mechanism initiates. The survey showed that the thermal decomposition of AP could be divided into two different processes. Firstly, the decomposition occurs at temperatures less than 240 °C, which is known as low-temperature thermal decomposition of AP (LDS). This type of dec
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