Catalytic decomposition and kinetic study of mixed plastic waste
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Catalytic decomposition and kinetic study of mixed plastic waste Irma Kremer1 · Tihomir Tomić1 · Zvonimir Katančić2 · Zlata Hrnjak‑Murgić2 · Matko Erceg3 · Daniel R. Schneider1 Received: 22 January 2020 / Accepted: 23 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Pyrolysis is a promising technology for the valorisation of plastic waste by converting it into valuable products, such as fuels and chemicals. This study aims to assess the thermogravimetric behaviour and kinetic parameters of the real-world plastic waste mixture with added nickel- and iron-based catalysts on gamma-aluminium oxide as support. Thermogravimetric measurements were carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere over a set of heating rates (5, 10, 15 and 20 °C/min) within a temperature range 40–600 °C. Kinetic analysis was performed through a combined approach by using the model-free isoconversional Friedman method and regression methods (linear and multivariate nonlinear). The kinetic analysis results showed a complex decomposition mechanism of the real-world plastic waste mixture. The average apparent activation energy for the real-world plastic waste mixture (22% high-density polyethylene, 31% low-density polyethylene, 35% polypropylene, 12% polystyrene) was 205 kJ/mol. The initial value decreased by 15.6% with the addition of iron-based gamma-aluminium oxide catalyst and only 9.8% with nickel-based gamma-aluminium oxide catalyst. Graphic abstract
Keywords Plastic waste · Pyrolysis · Dynamic thermogravimetric analysis · Kinetic study · Catalyst * Irma Kremer [email protected] Extended author information available on the last page of the article
Abbreviations HDPE High-density polyethylene LDPE Low-density polyethylene
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PP Polypropylene PS Polystyrene PVC Polyvinyl chloride PET Polyethylene terephthalate TGA Thermogravimetric analysis DTG Differential thermogravimetry List of symbols α Degree of conversion (dimensionless) β Linear heating rate (°C/min) A Frequency or pre-exponential factor (min−1) E Energy of activation (J/mol) f(α) Mechanism of reaction; kinetic model (dimensionless) m0 Initial mass of the sample (wt%) mf Residual mass of the sample; final mass of the residue (wt%) R General gas constant (J/mol K) rmax Maximum peak rate (%/min) T Absolute temperature (K) Tmax Temperature of maximum decomposition rate and peak rate (°C)
Introduction In 2018, in Europe, 29 Mt of post-consumer plastic waste was collected, of which 32% was recycled, 43% was energy recovered mostly by incineration and 25% was landfilled (PlasticsEurope 2019). In previous research, the emphasis has been put on environmental sustainability in waste management which is also accentuated through the EU legislature (Tomić and Schneider 2018). There are two approaches to solving waste management problem; material and energy recovery. These approaches strive to fulfil different needs within the circular economy concept and complement each other. Although material recovery is
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