Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites prepared by a solution precipitation approach
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Cellulose nanocrystal reinforced poly(lactic acid) nanocomposites prepared by a solution precipitation approach Changxin Li . Ce Sun . Chengyu Wang . Haiyan Tan . Yanjun Xie . Yanhua Zhang
Received: 12 January 2020 / Accepted: 15 June 2020 Ó Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The difficulty of dispersing cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) was still a primary obstacle to enhance the properties of PLA nanocomposites. In this work, two different methods were used to modify CNCs that were then added dropwise and mixed with the PLA solution to conveniently obtain the composites. Transmission electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to characterize CNCs before and after modification. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to
characterize the PLA nanocomposites. The results revealed that the CNCs that were modified with surfactant had better dispersion and thermal stability in the PLA nanocomposites. The Young’s modulus and strength of PLA/SCNC nanocomposites were significantly reinforced (up to 66.0% and 29.8%, respectively). Meanwhile, the transmittance remained above 60% in the visible range. The solution precipitation approach was effective and simple, which could be used with other polymers.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-020-03294-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. C. Li C. Sun C. Wang H. Tan Y. Xie (&) Y. Zhang (&) Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Northeast Forestry University, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150040, China e-mail: [email protected] Y. Zhang e-mail: [email protected]
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Cellulose
Graphic abstract
Keywords Poly(lactic acid) Cellulose nanocrystals Electrostatic interactions Nanocomposites
Introduction During the last few decades, the research and development of biodegradable polymers have aroused widespread attention and interest from researchers and industry (Rasal et al. 2010; Nagalakshmaiah et al. 2016; Hamad et al. 2018). Some examples of biodegradable polymers are poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). PLA has been proven to be an ideal replacement for conventional petroleum-derived polymers due to its excellent biocompatibility, processability, biodegradability, and transparency (Xu et al. 2017; Vatansever et al. 2019; Murariu et al. 2011). PLA has been used in many industries including packaging, food handling, textiles and biomedical applications (Rhim et al. 2013; Rabanel et al. 2015). However, the low crystallization rate, inherent brittleness, poor heat resistance and barrier properties limit applications of PLA (Lizundia et al. 2016; Alvarado et al. 2018). To extend the applications of PLA, various methods have been investigated, such as adding a filler and melt blending with
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