Cerebellar Nuclei and the Inferior Olivary Nuclei: Organization and Connections
The cerebellar nuclei, together with certain vestibular nuclei, are the target of the axons of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. Each of these nuclei receives a projection from a longitudinal Purkinje cell zone. Climbing fiber projections are o
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Jan Voogd, Yoshikazu Shinoda, Tom J. H. Ruigrok, and Izumi Sugihara
Abstract
The cerebellar nuclei, together with certain vestibular nuclei, are the target of the axons of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. Each of these nuclei receives a projection from a longitudinal Purkinje cell zone. Climbing fiber projections are organized according to the same zonal pattern. In this chapter, we will review the morphology and the circuitry of the cerebellar nuclei and the inferior olive and the recurrent pathways connecting them.
Introduction The cerebellar nuclei, together with certain vestibular nuclei, are the target of the axons of the Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex. The projections of the cerebellar nuclei to the brain stem and the distribution of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical paths determine the sphere of influence of the cerebellum. Jansen and Brodal (1940, 1942) were the first to notice that the topographical organization of the Purkinje cell
J. Voogd (*) Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands and Rhijngeesterstraatweg 1, 2342 AN Oegstgeest, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] Y. Shinoda • I. Sugihara Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] T.J.H. Ruigrok Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, P.O. Box 2040, Rotterdam, 3000 CA, The Netherlands e-mail: [email protected] M. Manto, D.L. Gruol, J.D. Schmahmann, N. Koibuchi, F. Rossi (eds.), 377 Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_19, # Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
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projections to the cerebellar nuclei and the olivocerebellar climbing fiber system is very similar. Marr (1969) formulated this similarity in his learning theory of the cerebellar cortex as “the olivary cell should respond to a command for the same elemental movement as is initiated by the corresponding Purkinje cell.” In this chapter, we will review the morphology of the cerebellar nuclei and the inferior olive, the afferent connections of the olive, the zonal organization of the corticonuclear and olivocerebellar projection, and the efferent connections of the cerebellar nuclei and the presence of recurrent cerebellar-brain stem circuitry.
The Cerebellar Nuclei Four cerebellar nuclei, known as the fastigial emboliform, globose, and dentate nucleus, were distinguished in the human cerebellum by Stilling (1864). The same four nuclei can be distinguished in different mammalian species, where they are known as the medial, anterior interposed, posterior interposed, and lateral cerebellar nucleus (Ogawa 1935; Weidenreich 1899) (Fig. 19.1). The cerebellar nuclei are arranged in two groups. The rostrolateral group consists of the anterior interposed nucleus (emboliform) that is connected with the lateral (dentate) nucleus. The
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