Changes of lipoxin levels during pregnancy and the monthly-cycle, condition the normal course of pregnancy or pathology
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Inflammation Research
REVIEW
Changes of lipoxin levels during pregnancy and the monthly‑cycle, condition the normal course of pregnancy or pathology Małgorzata Szczuko1 · Joanna Palma1 · Justyna Kikut1 · Natalia Komorniak1 · Maciej Ziętek2 Received: 27 March 2020 / Revised: 9 May 2020 / Accepted: 13 May 2020 © The Author(s) 2020
Abstract Objective and Design The purpose of the review was to gather information on the role and possibilities of using lipoxin in the treatment of infertility and maintaining a normal pregnancy. Ovulation, menstruation, embryo implantation, and childbirth are reactions representing short-term inflammatory events involving lipoxin activities. Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) is an arachidonic acid metabolite, and in cooperation with its positional isomer lipoxin B4 (LXB4), it is a major lipoxin in mammals. Biosynthesis process occurs in two stages: in the first step, the donor cell releases the eicosanoid intermediate; secondarily, the acceptor cell gets and converts the intermediate product into LXA4 (leukocyte/platelet interaction). Results Generating lipoxin synthesis may also be triggered by salicylic acid, which acetylates cyclooxygenase-2. Lipoxin A4 and its analogues are considered as specialized pro-resolving mediators. LXA4 is an important component for a proper menstrual cycle, embryo implantation, pregnancy, and delivery. Its level in the luteal phase is high, while in the follicular phase, it decreases, which coincides with an increase in estradiol concentration with which it competes for the receptor. LXA4 inhibits the progression of endometriosis. However, during the peri-implantation period, before pregnancy is confirmed clinically, high levels of LXA4 can contribute to early pregnancy loss and may cause miscarriage. After implantation, insufficient LXA4 levels contribute to incorrect maternal vessel remodeling; decreased, shallow trophoblastic invasion; and the immuno-energetic abnormality of the placenta, which negatively affects fetal growth and the maintenance of pregnancy. Moreover, the level of LXA4 increases in the final stages of pregnancy, allowing vessel remodeling and placental separation. Methods The review evaluates the literature published in the PubMed and Embase database up to 31 December 2019. The passwords were checked on terms: lipoxin and pregnancy with combined endometriosis, menstrual cycle, implantation, pre-eclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and preterm labor. Conclusions Although no human studies have been performed so far, the cell and animal model study results suggest that LXA4 will be used in obstetrics and gynecology soon. Keywords Inflammation · Lipoxin · Menstruation · Ovulation · Pregnancy · Reproduction Responsible Editor: John Di Battista.
Introduction
* Małgorzata Szczuko [email protected]
Data on inflammation in diseases is intensively sought at the same time, this process has not been studied in physiological conditions where it is an indispensable factor in the proper course of the menstrual cycle and implantation and delive
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