Characterisation of the positive effects of mild stress on ageing and resistance to stress
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Characterisation of the positive effects of mild stress on ageing and resistance to stress E´ric Le Bourg
Received: 10 January 2020 / Accepted: 13 March 2020 Springer Nature B.V. 2020
Abstract The positive effects of mild stress on ageing, lifespan and resistance to stress have been studied mainly in Drosophila melanogaster flies and in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. These studies now allow to know the effects of the strength of the mild stress and of the number of exposures, the duration of the positive effects, if mild stress is effective when applied at any age, and whether combining two or three mild stresses is more efficient than a single one. This article summarises these results. Keywords Mild stress Heat stress Lifespan Hormesis Drosophila melanogaster Caenorhabditis elegans
Introduction In 1977, the gerontologist George Sacher wrote in a review article dealing partly with hormesis, i.e. the positive effects of mild stress, that ‘‘hormetic effects are unlikely to occur in the healthy active individual, and are more likely to be significant in the ill or
E´. Le Bourg (&) Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Inte´grative (CBI Toulouse), Universite´ de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France e-mail: [email protected]
depressed animal’’. He concluded that ‘‘hormesis is in one sense an obstacle in the path of gerobiological research, and efforts to understand and annul it would be well justified’’, which could be done by developing ‘‘living environments that are optimal for… behavioral, physiological, and immunological health’’ of animal models. Clearly speaking, this article could not encourage other scientists to publish results showing hormetic effects and one can bet that such results have been kept in the bottom drawer of the desk. At the same time, Frolkis (1982, p. 9), in the Soviet Institute of Gerontology in Kiev, Ukraine, reported that 100-day-old rats subjected to ‘‘repeated brief stress’’ had longer mean (? 19%) and maximal (? 12%) lifespans. Later on, he indicated that ‘‘cold, sound, electrical stimulation, physical load, and a temporary restriction of motor activity’’ increased mean (? 18%) and maximal lifespans (? 11%), while the ‘‘rough stress’’ decreased lifespan (Frolkis 1993). Unfortunately, this author was stingy with details and these results were simply ignored by other scientists. Thus, on the one hand, a US author denigrated hormesis, while, on the other hand, a Soviet author did not publish in international journals his results showing such effects. In such conditions, there was only a little chance to deepen the knowledge on hormesis. Times have changed, and numerous results have now been published by various teams in international journals, showing clearly that hormetic effects do exist and that we should wonder whether and how they can be used in therapy (Rattan and Kyriazis 2019). Since
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Biogerontology
the review article of Neafsey (1990), mainly d
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