Characterization and molecular evolution of claudin genes in the Pungitius sinensis
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ORIGINAL PAPER
Characterization and molecular evolution of claudin genes in the Pungitius sinensis Jun Cao1 · Xiuzhu Cheng1 Received: 20 February 2020 / Revised: 20 July 2020 / Accepted: 4 August 2020 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract Claudins are a family of integrated membrane-bound proteins involving in paracellular tightness, barrier forming, ion permeability, and substrate selection at tight junctions of chordate epithelial and endothelial cells. Here, 39 putative claudin genes were identified in the Pungitius sinensis based on the high throughput RNA-seq. Conservative motif distribution in each group suggested functional relevance. Divergence of duplicated genes implied the species’ adaptation to the environment. In addition, selective pressure analyses identified one site, which may accelerate functional divergence in this protein family. Pesticides cause environmental pollution and have a serious impact on aquatic organisms when entering the water. The expression pattern of most claudin genes was affected by organophosphorus pesticide, indicating that they may be involved in the immune regulation of organisms and the detoxification of xenobiotics. Protein–protein network analyses also exhibited 439 interactions, which implied the functional diversity. It will provide some references for the functional study on claudin genes. Keyword Claudin · Molecular evolution · Selective pressure · Gene duplication · Immunotoxicity Abbreviations HMM Hidden Markov model JTT Jones–Taylor–Thornton Ka Non-synonymous rate of nucleotide substitution Ks Synonymous rate of nucleotide substitution ML Maximum likelihood NJ Neighbor-joining OP Organophosphorus pesticide TJ Tight junction TM Transmembrane helixe
Communicated by H. V. Carey. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00360-020-01301-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jun Cao [email protected] 1
Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
Introduction Epithelia consist of cell sheets arranged in the body cavities and the outer surfaces of organisms and act as a semi-permeable barrier. Also, it selectively transports water and other solutes between body compartments (Hay 1995). The barrier function between epidermal cells depends on tight junction (TJ) complexes, which are a collection of proteins that exist in the apicolateral regions of the epithelial tissue and act as a junction between adjacent cells (Tsukita et al. 2001). TJ complexes prevent the diffusion of proteins and lipids between the plasma membrane regions of epithelial and endothelial cells, so it is important for the generation and maintenance of membrane polarity (van Meer et al. 1986). Furthermore, TJ also forms a continuous intercellular seal that restricts the paracellular transport of water and small solutes (Heiskala et al. 2001; Kwong et al. 2013; Günzel and Yu 2013). TJ strands consist of a group of transmembrane protein
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