Characterization of Concussive Events in Professional American Football Using Videogrammetry
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Annals of Biomedical Engineering (Ó 2020) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-020-02637-3
Concussion Biomechanics in Football
Characterization of Concussive Events in Professional American Football Using Videogrammetry ANN M. BAILEY ,1 CHRISTOPHER P. SHERWOOD,1 JAMES R. FUNK,1 JEFF R. CRANDALL,1 NEAL CARTER,2 DAVID HESSEL,2 STEPHEN BEIER,2 and WILLIAM NEALE2 1
Biomechanics Consulting and Research, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, USA; and 2Kineticorp, Greenwood Village, CO, USA (Received 20 August 2020; accepted 22 September 2020) Associate Editor Stefan M. Duma oversaw the review of this article.
Abstract—Sports concussions offer a unique opportunity to study head kinematics associated with mild traumatic brain injury. In this study, a model-based image matching (MBIM) approach was employed to analyze video footage of 57 concussions which occurred in National Football League (NFL) games. By utilizing at least two camera views, higher frame rate footage (> 60 images s21), and laser scans of the field and helmets involved in each case, it was possible to calculate the change in velocity of the helmet during impact in six degrees of freedom. The average impact velocity for these concussive events was 8.9 ± 2.0 m s21. The average changes in translational and rotational velocity for the concussed players’ helmets were 6.6 ± 2.1 m s21 and 29 ± 13 rad s21, respectively. The average change in translational velocity was higher for helmet-to-ground (n = 16) impacts compared to helmet-to-helmet (n = 30) or helmetto-shoulder (n = 11) events (p < 0.001), while helmet-toshoulder impacts had a smaller change in rotational velocity compared to the other impact sources (p < 0.001). By quantifying the impact velocities and locations associated with concussive impacts in professional American football, this study provides information that may be used to improve upon current helmet testing methodologies. Keywords—Concussion, Helmet, Kinematics, Biomechanics.
INTRODUCTION Concussive events in professional American football offer a unique opportunity to study the head kinematics associated with mild traumatic brain injury. While incidence of concussion has been associated with contact sports at all levels of play,10,23,37,46 concussions Address correspondence to Ann M. Bailey, Biomechanics Consulting and Research, LLC, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Electronic mail: [email protected]
sustained by professional football players in NFL games are generally well-documented with multiple views of high-quality video footage.26 The precise biomechanical mechanisms causing these concussions are still unclear, as are the risk levels associated with varying measures of head impact severity. Therefore, additional investigation into the head kinematics associated with concussive impacts is warranted. Researchers have previously utilized two methods to measure head motion in American football impacts: wearable sensors and videogrammetry. A primary advantage of wearable sensors is that they theoretically record a census of all head impacts. The measurement of
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