Characterization of Damage Evolution in SiC Particle Reinforced Al Alloy Matrix Composites by In-Situ X-Ray Synchrotron
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INTRODUCTION
THE field of materials science and engineering is based on the fundamental principle that microstructure controls properties. Traditionally, the study of material structure was limited by two-dimensional (2-D) analyses. This approach is often inaccurate or inadequate for solving many cutting-edge problems. In addition, it is often laborious and time-consuming. We can now use three-dimensional (3-D) tools and analyses to resolve time-dependent four-dimensional (4-D) evolution of a variety of important phenomena.[1] These include an understanding of time-dependent deformation structures, compositional information, magnetic domains, interfacial reactions, etc. Furthermore, advances in 3-D and 4-D computational tools and methods enabled the analysis of large experimental data sets, as well as simulation and prediction of material behavior. Figure 1 shows a variety of techniques, as a function of length scale, used to characterize materials in three dimensions. The design and development of high-performance composites requires a thorough understanding of microstructure and its effect on properties. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a combination of high strength, high stiffness, and low density.[2] The damage behavior of MMCs was studied extensively by a J.J. WILLIAMS, Research Scientist, N.C. CHAPMAN and V.A. TANNA, Undergraduate Research Assistants, V. JAKKALI, Graduate Research Assistant, and N. CHAWLA, Professor, are with the Materials Science and Engineering Department, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-6106. Contact e-mail: [email protected] X. XIAO, Assistant Physicist, and F. De CARLO, Group Leader, are with the X-ray Imaging Group, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439. Manuscript submitted November 2, 2010. Article published online May 4, 2011 METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS A
combination of traditional mechanical testing, microstructural characterization, and postexperiment fractographic analysis. It is generally agreed that damage in extruded ceramic particle reinforced MMCs takes place by a combination of particle fracture and matrix void growth. An understanding of the precise nature of these damage mechanisms was limited by examinations of the 2-D fracture surface or polished cross section of the material. In both cases, the approach is laborious and limited by the 2-D nature of the analysis. Sampling a representative volume of the microstructure by such analyses is also difficult. With the recent development of new 3-D characterization tools, a clear, accurate, and quantitative picture of the deformation behavior of MMCs can be obtained. Several techniques were used for visualization of microstructures in three dimensions. Serial sectioning techniques using mechanical polishing coupled with optical microscopy[3,4] or focused ion beam milling[5–7] and image reconstruction were used. While serial sectioning is a powerful technique for generating virtual 3-D microstructures, it is time consuming and destructive. X-ray tomog
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