Characterization of fly ash by ED-XRF and INAA for the synthesis of low silica zeolites
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Characterization of fly ash by ED‑XRF and INAA for the synthesis of low silica zeolites M. Mahima Kumar1,2 · R. Senthilvadivu1 · J. S. Brahmaji Rao1 · M. Neelamegam3 · G. V. S. Ashok Kumar1 · R. Kumar1,2 · Hrudananda Jena1,2 Received: 17 March 2020 © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2020
Abstract The elemental composition and phase analysis of fly ash collected from a thermal power plant in West Bengal, India was evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX), energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) spectrometry, neutron activation analysis (NAA). Further, the particle size and surface morphology of the particles were also examined. Zeolite-A was prepared by fusion followed by hydrothermal synthesis method and its formation was confirmed by XRD. Based on the composition analysis, the Si/Al ratio was found to be 1.51, which is a good proportion to synthesise low silica zeolites. Keywords Fly ash · Waste disposal · Nuclear power · Nuclear waste · XRF · Neutron activation analysis · Zeolites
Introduction Fly ash is a by-product generated by the burning of coal and collected by electrostatic precipitators from the flue gases in thermal power plants [1]. It is one of the most abundant hazardous materials produced all over the world where the disposal is a matter of concern. Being the toxic and dodgy material, fly ash is very unsafe to the ecosystem [2]. Dumping of fly ash into the ecological systems leads to leaching of toxic substances into groundwater and also polluting air. Fly ash can cause the release of fine particulate matter less than 10 µm ( PM10) into the atmosphere and can be inhaled into the lungs and even can mix with bloodstreams [3]. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is the main reason for haze and * R. Kumar [email protected] * Hrudananda Jena [email protected] 1
Materials Chemistry and Metal Fuel Cycle Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
2
Homi Bhabha National Institute-IGCAR Campus, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
3
Reactor Facilities Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam 603102, India
the reduction of visibility in many cities around the world [4]. So complete physical and chemical analysis of fly ash is required to estimate the hazardous nature and possible utilisation of fly ash. Even though coal is combustible organic matter, it consists of inorganic mineral composition. At higher temperatures in a furnace, i.e. > 1400 °C, this inorganic matter may get oxidised, agglomerated, fused or dissociated [5]. The quality of fly ash depends on the type of coal, size of pulverised coal particles and operating conditions in a boiler. The main chemical composition includes crystalline and amorphous silica, alumina, iron(III) oxide, and calcium oxide. Fly ash can be classified into two types viz. class-F and class-C based on its composition [6]. Class-F fly ash originates by burning of bituminous or anthracite coals and clas
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