Characterization of nanosized hydroxyapatite prepared by an aqueous precipitation method using eggshells and mulberry le
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Characterization of nanosized hydroxyapatite prepared by an aqueous precipitation method using eggshells and mulberry leaf extract Shih‑Ching Wu1 · Hsueh‑Chuan Hsu1 · Mei‑Yi Liu2 · Wen‑Fu Ho2 Received: 15 August 2020 / Revised: 24 September 2020 / Accepted: 29 September 2020 © The Korean Ceramic Society 2020
Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) has been vigorously studied for orthopedic and dental applications due to its excellent bioactivity, osteoconductivity, and osteoinductivity. This study aims to present a simple room-temperature aqueous precipitation method for obtaining carbonated HA nanoparticles of high purity from biowaste chicken eggshells. Biowaste chicken eggshells were used for preparing HA through aqueous precipitation method. Moreover, mulberry leaf extract was used as a template to regulate the morphology, size, and crystallinity of HA. All produced nanocrystalline HA powders exhibited rod-like particle agglomerates of a size below 100 nm. The HA particles synthesized with the mulberry leaf extract showed higher crystallinity and slightly decreased crystallite sizes compared to the samples prepared without adding the extract. Carbonate peaks observed for the specimens closely matched those of A- and B-type carbonates, which can contribute to the low crystallinity. Notably, the HA synthesized from the eggshell powders contains several important trace elements such as Mg and Sr, which are beneficial to the overall biological performance as biomaterials. The morphology, size, structure, and composition of the obtained HA products are similar to those of natural bones, and consequently, the products show potential as a material for biomedical applications. Keywords Eggshell · Hydroxyapatite · Nanoparticles · Aqueous precipitation method
1 Introduction Hydroxyapatite [HA, C a10(PO4)6(OH)2], the major component of human bones, has been widely used in medical and dental applications because of its superior biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and bioactivity [1]. Generally, HA is used in the coating of metallic implants, alveolar bridge augmentation, orthopedics, maxillofacial surgery, and drug delivery systems [2]. In addition, it has been applied as a host material for lasers, gas sensors, and catalysts [3]. The biological and mechanical properties of synthetic HA are strongly influenced by its particle size, morphology, chemical
* Wen‑Fu Ho [email protected] 1
Department of Dental Technology and Materials Science, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung 40601, Taiwan
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Kaohsiung, 700 Kaohsiung University Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan
2
composition, and crystalline structure, which depend on synthesis parameters [4]. Mineral crystals in human bones are nanosized with a very large surface area. Their compositions differ slightly from stoichiometric HA because of the presence of impurities such as carbonate, chloride, magnesium, and strontium in human bones. In particular
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