Characterization of Porous Materials by Ultrasonic Spectroscopy
The problem of determining pore size and pore concentration In cast and weld material as well as in composites are of technological importance. In this paper analytical and experimental work is presented to correlate ultrasonic attenuation due to porosity
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THE EVALUATION OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES BY QUANTITATIVE ULTRASONICS
EDITED BY J.D. ACHENBACH NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, EVANSTON
Springer-Verlag
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Wien GmbH
Le spese di stampa di questo volume sono in parte coperte da contributi del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche.
This volume contains 186 illustrations.
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks. © 1993 Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by CISM, Udine in 1993.
In order to make this volume available as economically and as
rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have been reproduced in their original forms. This method unfortunately .has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no way distract the reader.
ISBN 978-3-211-82441-2 ISBN 978-3-7091-4315-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-4315-5
PREFACE
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) procedures are needed for materials processing, as well as for post-process materials testing. They play important roles in product design, analysis of service-life-expectancy, manufacturing and quality control of manufactured products. They are also essential to on-line monitoring of the integrity of structural elements and complex systems. Rational accept and reject criteria should be based on NDE tests. Critical safety, efficiency and operational features of large-scale structures depend on adequate NDE capabilities. Most methods of nondestructive evaluation provide only limited information. It is, however,frequently not good enough just to detect a flaw or the presence of inferior material properties. Quantitative information is required. This need has given rise to a more rigorous and fundamental approach to nondestructive evaluation called quantitative NDE (QNDE). There are several methods for QNDE. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages for particular applications. The lectures presented in this volume are concerned with quantitative ultrasonic NDE. The lectures were offered in an Advanced School at the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences, Udine, Italy, September 9-13, 1991. The following topics were discussed: (1) the basic wave propagation theory for ultrasonic NDE; (2) piezoelectric transducers, EMATS and ultrasonic spectroscopy; (3) laser-based ultrasonics; (4) acoustoelasticity; (5) ultrasound in solids with porosity, microcracking and
polycrystalline structuring; (6) the determination of mechanical properties of composite materials; and (7) inverse problems and imaging. The lectures covered theory, experiments and applications. The invited lecturers were JD. Achenbach (Center for Quality Engineering and Failure Prevention, Northwestern University), L. Adler (Ohio State University), P.P. Delsanto (Politecnico di Torino), K.J. Langenberg (University of Kassel), C. Sayers (Schlumberger), C.B. Scruby (AEA Industrial Technology, Har