Characterization of titanium powders processed in n-hexane by high-energy ball milling
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Characterization of titanium powders processed in n-hexane by high-energy ball milling A. H. Restrepo 1 & J. M. Ríos 1 & F. Arango 1 & E. Correa 2 & A. A. Zuleta 3 & A. Valencia-Escobar 3 & F. J. Bolivar 1 & J. G Castaño 1 & F. E. Echeverría 1 Received: 11 June 2020 / Accepted: 21 August 2020 # Springer-Verlag London Ltd., part of Springer Nature 2020
Abstract The effect of speed and milling time on the morphology, crystallite size, and phase composition of Ti Cp powders processed in nhexane by high-energy ball milling (HEBM) using a E-max Retsch equipment was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Lattice parameters, mean crystallite size, lattice strain, and dislocation density were obtained from Rietveld analysis. The XRD and TEM results show that the HEBM process of the Ti Cp promotes the transition from HCP to FCC after 6 h of milling at 1400 rpm. The transformation process could be attributed to the energy generated in the milling process which induces high deformation and presence of high-density dislocations in the powder. Keywords Titanium . High-energy ball milling . Allotropic transformation . Microstructural analysis
1 Introduction Titanium and its alloys has been widely studied because of the combination of unique properties like low density, low elastic modulus, high-specific strength, good formability, reasonable ductility, high fracture toughness, ability to withstand high temperatures, biocompatibility, and good corrosion resistance [1–4]. Such properties have promoted the use of this material in aerospace and terrestrial transport systems as well as for the development of biomedical devices. Despite this, the high cost involved in the processing and manufacturing of titanium and titanium alloys components limits its use in a large scale. For this, it is very relevant the research and development of new * A. H. Restrepo [email protected] 1
Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales – CIDEMAT, Universidad de Antioquia, P. O. Box 1226, Calle 62 N° 52 – 59, Medellín, Colombia
2
Grupo de Investigación Materiales con Impacto – MAT&MPAC, Facultad de Ingenierías, Universidad de Medellín, Carrera 87 No 30 – 65, Medellín, Colombia
3
Grupo de Investigación de Estudios en Diseño - GED, Facultad de Diseño Industrial, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Sede Medellín, Circular 1 No 70 – 01, Medellín, Colombia
efficient processes for making alloys and parts in Ti alloys. Powder metallurgy process (PM) is a near-net-shape manufacturing technology [5], which allows to reduce the amount of scrap metal produced, compared with the traditionally wrought cast- and end-making processes. The progress and implementation of additive manufacture (AM) processing, also known as 3D printing, has enhanced the use of powder metallurgy as an attractive alternative for the production of titanium components, opposed to subtractive manufacturing methodologies, since this tool allows more design possi
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