Characterization of Volatile Compounds in New Cider Apple Genotypes Using Multivariate Analysis
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Characterization of Volatile Compounds in New Cider Apple Genotypes Using Multivariate Analysis Jairo Pello-Palma 1 & Juan José Mangas-Alonso 2 & Enrique Dapena de la Fuente 2 & Jaime González-Álvarez 1 & Jorge Díez 3 & María Dolores Gutiérrez Álvarez 1 & Pilar Arias Abrodo 1
Received: 26 November 2015 / Accepted: 29 April 2016 # Springer Science+Business Media New York 2016
Abstract Gas chromatography combined with solid-phase microextraction has been used for the identification of the aromatic profiles of new cider apple genotypes, and a chemometric characterization of these new cider apple genotypes has been carried out using exploratory and modelling techniques. Three breeding targets have been explored: (1) regular bearing and scab resistance, (2) resistance to bio-aggressors and (3) high polyphenol content and late ripening. Exploratory techniques established two genotype groups: those that come from breeding towards targets 1 and 2 with low polyphenol contents and those that come from breeding towards target 3 with high polyphenol contents. Alcohols were related to the genotypes with breeding towards target 3, and compounds such as esters were related to the genotypes with breeding towards targets 1 and 2. Models computed using the soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) technique presented good sensitivity (93 %), specificity (91 %) and classification hits (96 %). However, the predictions computed by SIMCA (70 %) and the artificial neural network (ANN) (76 %) were low. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12161-016-0521-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. * Jaime González-Álvarez [email protected] * Pilar Arias Abrodo [email protected] 1
Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
2
Servicio Regional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Villaviciosa, Spain
3
Artificial Intelligence Center, University of Oviedo, Campus de Viesques, Gijón 33204, Spain
Keywords Cider apple . Breeding . Chemometric . HS-GC . SPME . Volatile compounds
Introduction Apples are one of the most consumed fruits across the world and are mainly grown in temperate regions. The number of apple varieties that have been documented is enormous (more than 10,000), resulting in a wide range of properties such as resistance, sweetness, acidity and ripening. However, currently, only a few types of apples dominate world production (Janick et al. 1996). In Asturias, a region in northwest Spain, there is an important production of cider apples (more than 35, 000 t per year), which are mainly used to make cider and other derivatives. Furthermore, there are a large number of local cider apple cultivars, and this region could be considered as an area with a great genetic diversity of apples. There is a current interest in the development of new varieties of apples, but the requirements are constantly changing and becoming more challenging. The tasks
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