Chemical Deposition of Metal Sulfides from Aqueous Solutions: From Thin Films to Colloidal Particles
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HE 100th ANNIVERSARY OF URAL FEDERAL UNIVERSITY
Chemical Deposition of Metal Sulfides from Aqueous Solutions: From Thin Films to Colloidal Particles N. S. Kozhevnikovaa,b,*, V. F. Markova, and L. N. Maskaevaa a
Yeltsin Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, 620002 Russia of Solid State Chemistry, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, 620990 Russia *e-mail: [email protected]
b Institute
Received March 3, 2020; revised March 25, 2020; accepted April 14, 2020
Abstract—A survey is made of the recent progress in the synthesis of semiconducting metal sulfides via chemical deposition from aqueous solutions from the viewpoints of chemical and colloidal condensation. It is shown that this technique is the most popular and promising way of synthesizing different forms of the metal sulfides, including polycrystalline thin films, nanostructured powders, and isolated particles in colloidal solutions. It is established that metal sulfides characterized by different particle sizes can be obtained, depending on the type of the sulfidizing agent and the conditions of the process. The main mechanisms of chemical reactions that proceed in aqueous solutions during the formation of a metal sulfide are examined, along with the colloidal chemical mechanisms of the formation of different polycrystalline structures based on it. Keywords: chemical deposition, metal sulfides, thin films, nanoparticles, quantum dots, deposition mechanism DOI: 10.1134/S0036024420120134
INTRODUCTION The chemical deposition of the metal sulfides from aqueous solutions using thioamides has been known for more than 150 years. Lead sulfide PbS was the first semiconducting compound obtained in this manner [1]. The first works on chemical deposition appeared in the late 19th and early 20th centuries [1–4] and became fairly well known due to studies by Reynolds [2], Brükmann [3], Kisinski [4], and Pick [5]. The technique was used to obtain thin films of PbS for IR radiation detectors for the first time in the mid-1940s [6, 7], and was then widely used to preparation of the highly sensitive IR sensors [7]. Professor Mokrushin launched the new field of experimental and theoretical studies of laminar systems at the Faculty of Physical and Colloidal Chemistry of Kirov Ural Polytechnic University in the 1930s, and worked hard to develop it through the 1940s and 1950s. His studies were devoted to investigating the processes of the spontaneous formation of thin films at liquid–gas [8–11] and liquid–solid [12, 13] interphase boundaries. It was established during those years that such processes are of a colloidal chemical character, and are similar to those of obtaining films via cathode sputtering or evaporation in a vacuum [12, 14]. Mokrushin’s studies testified to the universality of the mechanism of the formation of films of insoluble
compounds, and it was shown for the first time that the formation of such films should be examined from a colloidal chemical viewpoint [13]. This concept of the mechanism of film formation on interphase bounda
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