Chemical Evolution The Biological System of the Elements
This book is written for researchers and students interested in the function and role of chemical elements in biological or environmental systems. Experts have long known that the Periodic System of Elements (PSE) provides only an inadequate chemical desc
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hemical Evolution The Biological System of the Elements
Chemical Evolution
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Bernd Markert • Stefan Fra¨nzle • Simone Wu¨nschmann
Chemical Evolution The Biological System of the Elements
Bernd Markert Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN) Haren Germany
Stefan Fra¨nzle International Graduate School Zittau Zittau Germany
Simone Wu¨nschmann Environmental Institute of Scientific Networks (EISN) Haren Germany
ISBN 978-3-319-14354-5 ISBN 978-3-319-14355-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14355-2
(eBook)
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015933157 Springer Cham Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Cover: The cover of the book represents The Biological System of the Elements (BSE) developed by one of these authors, Prof. Dr. Bernd Markert, in 1994. Printed on acid-free paper Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Preface
Generally speaking, we are concerned with the question: Where did organicchemistry-based life come from? This volume now in your hands was motivated by the attempt to discuss and to some extent explain chemical evolution from the point of view of physiological, essential, or at least beneficial activities of chemical elements in contemporary biology. From these chemical features, there may be hints to the pathway which eventually enabled biological evolution to start, using evidence from chemical evolution experiments as well as the Biological System of Elements (BSE) concerning present functions or roles of these elements. Chapter 1 deals with considerations on the formation of chemical elements in cosmic systems and cosmochemistry providing building blocks for living beings within the Solar System, going back to astrophysical element syntheses ever since Big Bang took place some 13.8 billion years ago. Catalytic aspects observed in experiments on pre
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